Key publications
Harries LW, McCulloch LJ, Holley JE, Rawling TJ, Welters HJ, Kos K (2013). A role for SPARC in the moderation of human insulin secretion.
PLoS One,
8(6).
Abstract:
A role for SPARC in the moderation of human insulin secretion.
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We have previously shown the implication of the multifunctional protein SPARC (Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine)/osteonectin in insulin resistance but potential effects on beta-cell function have not been assessed. We therefore aimed to characterise the effect of SPARC on beta-cell function and features of diabetes. METHODS: We measured SPARC expression by qRT-PCR in human primary pancreatic islets, adipose tissue, liver and muscle. We then examined the relation of SPARC with glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in primary human islets and the effect of SPARC overexpression on GSIS in beta cell lines. RESULTS: SPARC was expressed at measurable levels in human islets, adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle, and demonstrated reduced expression in primary islets from subjects with diabetes compared with controls (p< = 0.05). SPARC levels were positively correlated with GSIS in islets from control donors (p< = 0.01). Overexpression of SPARC in cultured beta-cells resulted in a 2.4-fold increase in insulin secretion in high glucose conditions (p< = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that levels of SPARC are reduced in islets from donors with diabetes and that it has a role in insulin secretion, an effect which appears independent of SPARC's modulation of obesity-induced insulin resistance in adipose tissue.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Welters HJ, El Ouaamari A, Kawamori D, Meyer J, Hu J, Smith DM, Kulkarni RN (2012). Rosiglitazone promotes PPARγ-dependent and -independent alterations in gene expression in mouse islets.
Endocrinology,
153(10), 4593-4599.
Abstract:
Rosiglitazone promotes PPARγ-dependent and -independent alterations in gene expression in mouse islets.
The glitazone class of insulin-sensitizing agents act, in part, by the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in adipocytes. However, it is unclear whether the expression of PPARγ in the islets is essential for their potential β-cell-sparing properties. To investigate the in vivo effects of rosiglitazone on β-cell biology, we used an inducible, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 enhancer element-driven, Cre recombinase to knockout PPARγ expression specifically in adult β-cells (PPARgKO). Subjecting the PPARgKO mice to a chow diet led to virtually undetectable changes in glucose or insulin sensitivity, which was paralleled by minimal changes in islet gene expression. Similarly, challenging the mutant mice with a high-fat diet and treatment with rosiglitazone did not alter insulin sensitivity, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, islet size, or proliferation in the knockout mice despite PPARγ-dependent and -independent changes in islet gene expression. These data suggest that PPARγ expression in the β-cells is unlikely to be directly essential for normal β-cell function or the insulin-sensitizing actions of rosiglitazone.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Kaminski A, Welters HJ, Kaminski ER, Morgan NG (2009). Human and rodent pancreatic beta-cells express IL-4 receptors and IL-4 protects against beta-cell apoptosis by activation of the PI3K and JAK/STAT pathways.
Biosci Rep,
30(3), 169-175.
Abstract:
Human and rodent pancreatic beta-cells express IL-4 receptors and IL-4 protects against beta-cell apoptosis by activation of the PI3K and JAK/STAT pathways.
Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines is associated with loss of pancreatic beta-cell viability and cell death. IL-4 (interleukin-4) has been reported to mediate a protective effect against the loss of pancreatic beta-cells, and IL-4 receptors have been found in rat pancreatic beta-cells at both the RNA and the protein level. The aim of the present study was to investigate IL-4 receptor expression in human islet cells and to examine the signalling pathways by which IL-4 exerts its effects using the rat beta-cell lines, BRIN-BD11 and INS-1E. By means of immunohistochemistry, it was demonstrated that IL-4 receptors are present on human islet cells. Using a flow cytometric method for evaluating cell death, it was confirmed that incubating beta-cells with IL-4 attenuated cell death induced by IL-1beta and interferon-gamma by approx. 65%. This effect was abrogated by the presence of the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) inhibitor, wortmannin, suggesting that activation of the PI3K pathway is involved. In support of this, Western blotting revealed that incubation of cells with IL-4 resulted in increased phosphorylation of Akt (also called protein kinase B), a downstream target of PI3K. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) also occurred in response to IL-4 and a selective JAK3 (Janus kinase 3) inhibitor reduced the cytoprotective response. Both effects were prevented by overexpression of the tyrosine phosphatase, PTP-BL (protein tyrosine phosphatase-BL). We conclude that IL-4 receptors are functionally competent in pancreatic beta-cells and that they signal via PI3K and JAK/STAT pathways. These findings may have implications for future therapeutic strategies for the management of diabetes.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Diakogiannaki E, Welters HJ, Morgan NG (2008). Differential regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in pancreatic beta-cells exposed to long-chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.
J Endocrinol,
197(3), 553-563.
Abstract:
Differential regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in pancreatic beta-cells exposed to long-chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.
Exposure of pancreatic beta-cells to long-chain fatty acids leads to the activation of some components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway and this mechanism may underlie the ability of certain fatty acids to promote beta-cell death. We have studied ER stress in BRIN-BD11 beta-cells exposed to either the saturated fatty acid palmitate (C16:0) or the monounsaturated palmitoleate (C16:1). Palmitate (0.025-0.25 mM) induced the expression of various markers of the RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2 alpha) kinase (PERK)-dependent pathway of ER stress (phospho-eIF2 alpha; ATF4, activating transcription factor 4 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP-10)) although it failed to promote the expression of the ER chaperone GRP78. By contrast, palmitoleate did not induce any markers of the ER stress pathway even at concentrations as high as 1 mM. When palmitate and palmitoleate were added in combination, a marked attenuation of the ER stress response occurred. Under these conditions, the levels of phospho-eIF2 alpha, ATF4 and CHOP-10 were reduced to less than those found in control cells. Palmitoleate also attenuated the ER stress response to the protein glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin, and improved the viability of the cells exposed to this agent. Exposure of the BRIN-BD11 cells to the protein phosphatase inhibitor, salubrinal, in the absence of fatty acids resulted in increased eIF2 alpha phosphorylation but this was abolished by co-incubation with palmitoleate. We conclude that saturated fatty acids activate components of the PERK-dependent ER stress pathway in beta-cells, ultimately leading to increased apoptosis. This effect is antagonised by monounsaturates that may exert their anti-apoptotic actions by regulating the activity of one or more kinase enzymes involved in mediating the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Dhayal S, Welters HJ, Morgan NG (2008). Structural requirements for the cytoprotective actions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids in the pancreatic beta-cell line, BRIN-BD11.
Br J Pharmacol,
153(8), 1718-1727.
Abstract:
Structural requirements for the cytoprotective actions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids in the pancreatic beta-cell line, BRIN-BD11.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Exposure of pancreatic beta-cells to long-chain free fatty acids leads to differential responses according to the chain length and degree of unsaturation. In particular, long-chain saturated molecules such as palmitate (C16:0) cause apoptosis, whereas equivalent mono-unsaturated species (for example, palmitoleate (C16:1)) are not overtly toxic. Moreover, mono-unsaturates exert a powerful cytoprotective response against a range of proapoptotic stimuli. However, the structural requirements that determine cytoprotection have not been determined and form the basis of the present study. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: BRIN-BD11 and INS-1 beta-cells were exposed either to the saturated fatty acid palmitate, or to serum withdrawal, to mediate cytotoxicity. The protective effects of a wide range of mono-unsaturated fatty acid derivatives were tested in cytotoxicity assays. Effector caspase activity was also measured and correlated with viability. KEY RESULTS: the cytotoxic actions of palmitate were inhibited dose-dependently by long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids with a defined potency order C18:1>C16:1>>C14:1. The configuration of the double bond was also important with cis forms being more potent than trans forms. Alkylated mono-unsaturated fatty-acid derivates were also cytoprotective, although their efficacy declined as the alkyl chain length increased. Cytoprotection was achieved rapidly on addition of mono-unsaturates and correlated with a rapid and dramatic inhibition of caspase-3/7 activity in palmitate-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: the data reveal the structural requirements that dictate the cytoprotective actions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids in pancreatic beta-cells. Metabolic activation is not required and the data point at the potential involvement of a fatty acid receptor in mediating cytoprotection.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Welters HJ, oknianska A, Erdmann KS, Ryffel GU, Morgan NG (2008). The protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP-BL, modulates pancreatic beta-cell proliferation by interaction with the Wnt signalling pathway. Journal of Endocrinolgy(197), 543-552.
Publications by year
2016
Welters HJ, Bowen A, Whatmore J, Kos K, Richardson S (2016). Wnt4 antagonises Wnt3a mediated increases in growth and glucose stimulated insulin secretion in the pancreatic beta-cell line, INS-1. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
2013
Harries LW, McCulloch LJ, Holley JE, Rawling TJ, Welters HJ, Kos K (2013). A role for SPARC in the moderation of human insulin secretion.
PLoS One,
8(6).
Abstract:
A role for SPARC in the moderation of human insulin secretion.
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We have previously shown the implication of the multifunctional protein SPARC (Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine)/osteonectin in insulin resistance but potential effects on beta-cell function have not been assessed. We therefore aimed to characterise the effect of SPARC on beta-cell function and features of diabetes. METHODS: We measured SPARC expression by qRT-PCR in human primary pancreatic islets, adipose tissue, liver and muscle. We then examined the relation of SPARC with glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in primary human islets and the effect of SPARC overexpression on GSIS in beta cell lines. RESULTS: SPARC was expressed at measurable levels in human islets, adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle, and demonstrated reduced expression in primary islets from subjects with diabetes compared with controls (p< = 0.05). SPARC levels were positively correlated with GSIS in islets from control donors (p< = 0.01). Overexpression of SPARC in cultured beta-cells resulted in a 2.4-fold increase in insulin secretion in high glucose conditions (p< = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that levels of SPARC are reduced in islets from donors with diabetes and that it has a role in insulin secretion, an effect which appears independent of SPARC's modulation of obesity-induced insulin resistance in adipose tissue.
Abstract.
Author URL.
2012
Welters HJ, El Ouaamari A, Kawamori D, Meyer J, Hu J, Smith DM, Kulkarni RN (2012). Rosiglitazone promotes PPARγ-dependent and -independent alterations in gene expression in mouse islets.
Endocrinology,
153(10), 4593-4599.
Abstract:
Rosiglitazone promotes PPARγ-dependent and -independent alterations in gene expression in mouse islets.
The glitazone class of insulin-sensitizing agents act, in part, by the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in adipocytes. However, it is unclear whether the expression of PPARγ in the islets is essential for their potential β-cell-sparing properties. To investigate the in vivo effects of rosiglitazone on β-cell biology, we used an inducible, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 enhancer element-driven, Cre recombinase to knockout PPARγ expression specifically in adult β-cells (PPARgKO). Subjecting the PPARgKO mice to a chow diet led to virtually undetectable changes in glucose or insulin sensitivity, which was paralleled by minimal changes in islet gene expression. Similarly, challenging the mutant mice with a high-fat diet and treatment with rosiglitazone did not alter insulin sensitivity, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, islet size, or proliferation in the knockout mice despite PPARγ-dependent and -independent changes in islet gene expression. These data suggest that PPARγ expression in the β-cells is unlikely to be directly essential for normal β-cell function or the insulin-sensitizing actions of rosiglitazone.
Abstract.
Author URL.
2010
Kawamori D, Welters HJ, Kulkarni RN (2010). Molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of pancreatic alpha-cell dysfunction.
Adv Exp Med Biol,
654, 421-445.
Abstract:
Molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of pancreatic alpha-cell dysfunction.
Glucagon plays a critical role in glucose homeostasis by counteracting insulin action, especially during hypoglycemia. Glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha-cells is regulated by various mechanisms including glycemia, neural input, and secretion from neighboring beta-cells. However, glucagon secretion is dysregulated in diabetic states, causing exacerbation of glycemic disorders. Recently, new therapeutic approaches targeting excess glucagon secretion are being explored for use in diabetes treatment. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of how glucagon secretion is regulated is critical for treating the alpha-cell dysfunction observed in diabetes.
Abstract.
Author URL.
2009
Kaminski A, Welters HJ, Kaminski ER, Morgan NG (2009). Human and rodent pancreatic beta-cells express IL-4 receptors and IL-4 protects against beta-cell apoptosis by activation of the PI3K and JAK/STAT pathways.
Biosci Rep,
30(3), 169-175.
Abstract:
Human and rodent pancreatic beta-cells express IL-4 receptors and IL-4 protects against beta-cell apoptosis by activation of the PI3K and JAK/STAT pathways.
Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines is associated with loss of pancreatic beta-cell viability and cell death. IL-4 (interleukin-4) has been reported to mediate a protective effect against the loss of pancreatic beta-cells, and IL-4 receptors have been found in rat pancreatic beta-cells at both the RNA and the protein level. The aim of the present study was to investigate IL-4 receptor expression in human islet cells and to examine the signalling pathways by which IL-4 exerts its effects using the rat beta-cell lines, BRIN-BD11 and INS-1E. By means of immunohistochemistry, it was demonstrated that IL-4 receptors are present on human islet cells. Using a flow cytometric method for evaluating cell death, it was confirmed that incubating beta-cells with IL-4 attenuated cell death induced by IL-1beta and interferon-gamma by approx. 65%. This effect was abrogated by the presence of the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) inhibitor, wortmannin, suggesting that activation of the PI3K pathway is involved. In support of this, Western blotting revealed that incubation of cells with IL-4 resulted in increased phosphorylation of Akt (also called protein kinase B), a downstream target of PI3K. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) also occurred in response to IL-4 and a selective JAK3 (Janus kinase 3) inhibitor reduced the cytoprotective response. Both effects were prevented by overexpression of the tyrosine phosphatase, PTP-BL (protein tyrosine phosphatase-BL). We conclude that IL-4 receptors are functionally competent in pancreatic beta-cells and that they signal via PI3K and JAK/STAT pathways. These findings may have implications for future therapeutic strategies for the management of diabetes.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Oknianska AR, Welters HJ, Morgan NG (2009). The protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP-BL, interacts with the Wnt signalling pathway to regulate cell proliferation in INS-1 cells.
Author URL.
2008
Diakogiannaki E, Welters HJ, Morgan NG (2008). Differential regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in pancreatic beta-cells exposed to long-chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.
J Endocrinol,
197(3), 553-563.
Abstract:
Differential regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in pancreatic beta-cells exposed to long-chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.
Exposure of pancreatic beta-cells to long-chain fatty acids leads to the activation of some components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway and this mechanism may underlie the ability of certain fatty acids to promote beta-cell death. We have studied ER stress in BRIN-BD11 beta-cells exposed to either the saturated fatty acid palmitate (C16:0) or the monounsaturated palmitoleate (C16:1). Palmitate (0.025-0.25 mM) induced the expression of various markers of the RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2 alpha) kinase (PERK)-dependent pathway of ER stress (phospho-eIF2 alpha; ATF4, activating transcription factor 4 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP-10)) although it failed to promote the expression of the ER chaperone GRP78. By contrast, palmitoleate did not induce any markers of the ER stress pathway even at concentrations as high as 1 mM. When palmitate and palmitoleate were added in combination, a marked attenuation of the ER stress response occurred. Under these conditions, the levels of phospho-eIF2 alpha, ATF4 and CHOP-10 were reduced to less than those found in control cells. Palmitoleate also attenuated the ER stress response to the protein glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin, and improved the viability of the cells exposed to this agent. Exposure of the BRIN-BD11 cells to the protein phosphatase inhibitor, salubrinal, in the absence of fatty acids resulted in increased eIF2 alpha phosphorylation but this was abolished by co-incubation with palmitoleate. We conclude that saturated fatty acids activate components of the PERK-dependent ER stress pathway in beta-cells, ultimately leading to increased apoptosis. This effect is antagonised by monounsaturates that may exert their anti-apoptotic actions by regulating the activity of one or more kinase enzymes involved in mediating the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Dhayal S, Welters HJ, Morgan N (2008). Structural requirements for the cytoprotective actions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids in the pancreatic beta-cell line, BRIN-BD11. British Journal of Pharmacoloy, 153, 1718-1727.
Dhayal S, Welters HJ, Morgan NG (2008). Structural requirements for the cytoprotective actions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids in the pancreatic beta-cell line, BRIN-BD11.
Br J Pharmacol,
153(8), 1718-1727.
Abstract:
Structural requirements for the cytoprotective actions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids in the pancreatic beta-cell line, BRIN-BD11.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Exposure of pancreatic beta-cells to long-chain free fatty acids leads to differential responses according to the chain length and degree of unsaturation. In particular, long-chain saturated molecules such as palmitate (C16:0) cause apoptosis, whereas equivalent mono-unsaturated species (for example, palmitoleate (C16:1)) are not overtly toxic. Moreover, mono-unsaturates exert a powerful cytoprotective response against a range of proapoptotic stimuli. However, the structural requirements that determine cytoprotection have not been determined and form the basis of the present study. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: BRIN-BD11 and INS-1 beta-cells were exposed either to the saturated fatty acid palmitate, or to serum withdrawal, to mediate cytotoxicity. The protective effects of a wide range of mono-unsaturated fatty acid derivatives were tested in cytotoxicity assays. Effector caspase activity was also measured and correlated with viability. KEY RESULTS: the cytotoxic actions of palmitate were inhibited dose-dependently by long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids with a defined potency order C18:1>C16:1>>C14:1. The configuration of the double bond was also important with cis forms being more potent than trans forms. Alkylated mono-unsaturated fatty-acid derivates were also cytoprotective, although their efficacy declined as the alkyl chain length increased. Cytoprotection was achieved rapidly on addition of mono-unsaturates and correlated with a rapid and dramatic inhibition of caspase-3/7 activity in palmitate-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: the data reveal the structural requirements that dictate the cytoprotective actions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids in pancreatic beta-cells. Metabolic activation is not required and the data point at the potential involvement of a fatty acid receptor in mediating cytoprotection.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Morgan NG, Dhayal S, Diakogiannaki E, Welters HJ (2008). The cytoprotective actions of long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids in pancreatic beta-cells.
Biochem Soc Trans,
36(Pt 5), 905-908.
Abstract:
The cytoprotective actions of long-chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids in pancreatic beta-cells.
Chronic exposure of pancreatic beta-cells to long-chain fatty acids can cause loss of secretory function and enhanced apoptosis by a process of 'lipotoxicity', which may be a contributory factor to the rising incidence of Type 2 diabetes in humans. However, when incubated in vitro, beta-cells respond differentially to long-chain saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids, suggesting that these molecules may regulate cell functionality by different mechanisms. In particular, it is clear that, whereas saturated fatty acids [e.g. palmitate (C16:0)] exert detrimental effects on beta-cells, the equivalent mono-unsaturated species [e.g. palmitoleate (C16:1)] are well tolerated. Indeed, mono-unsaturated species are potently cytoprotective. The present review explores the differential effects of these various fatty acids on beta-cell viability and considers the possible mechanisms involved in cytoprotection by mono-unsaturates.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Welters HJ, oknianska A, Erdmann KS, Ryffel GU, Morgan NG (2008). The protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP-BL, modulates pancreatic beta-cell proliferation by interaction with the Wnt signalling pathway. Journal of Endocrinolgy(197), 543-552.
Oknianska AR, Welters HJ, Erdmann KS, Ryffel GU, Morgan NG (2008). The protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP-BL, regulates pancreatic beta cell proliferation by interacting with components of the Writ signalling pathway.
Author URL.
Welters HJ, Oknianska A, Erdmann KS, Ryffel GU, Morgan NG (2008). The protein tyrosine phosphatase-BL, modulates pancreatic beta-cell proliferation by interaction with the Wnt signalling pathway.
Abstract:
The protein tyrosine phosphatase-BL, modulates pancreatic beta-cell proliferation by interaction with the Wnt signalling pathway.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Welters HJ, Kulkarni RN (2008). Wnt signaling: relevance to beta-cell biology and diabetes.
Trends Endocrinol Metab,
19(10), 349-355.
Abstract:
Wnt signaling: relevance to beta-cell biology and diabetes.
Interest in the importance of Wnt signaling in diabetes has risen after identification of the transcription factor TCF7L2, a component of this pathway, as a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Here, we review emerging new evidence that Wnt signaling influences endocrine pancreas development and modulates mature beta-cell functions including insulin secretion, survival and proliferation. Alterations in Wnt signaling might also impact other metabolic tissues involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes, with TCF7L2 proposed to modulate adipogenesis and regulate GLP-1 production. Together, these studies point towards a role for Wnt signaling in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, highlighting the importance of further investigation of this pathway to develop new therapies for this disease.
Abstract.
Author URL.
2007
Newsholme P, Keane D, Welters HJ, Morgan NG (2007). Life and death decisions of the pancreatic beta-cell: the role of fatty acids.
Clin Sci (Lond),
112(1), 27-42.
Abstract:
Life and death decisions of the pancreatic beta-cell: the role of fatty acids.
Both stimulatory and detrimental effects of NEFAs (non-esterified fatty acids) on pancreatic beta-cells have been recognized. Acute exposure of the pancreatic beta-cell to high glucose concentrations and/or saturated NEFAs results in a substantial increase in insulin release, whereas chronic exposure results in desensitization and suppression of secretion, followed by induction of apoptosis. Some unsaturated NEFAs also promote insulin release acutely, but they are less toxic to beta-cells during chronic exposure and can even exert positive protective effects. Therefore changes in the levels of NEFAs are likely to be important for the regulation of beta-cell function and viability under physiological conditions. In addition, the switching between endogenous fatty acid synthesis or oxidation in the beta-cell, together with alterations in neutral lipid accumulation, may have critical implications for beta-cell function and integrity. Long-chain acyl-CoA (formed from either endogenously synthesized or exogenous fatty acids) controls several aspects of beta-cell function, including activation of specific isoenzymes of PKC (protein kinase C), modulation of ion channels, protein acylation, ceramide formation and/or NO-mediated apoptosis, and transcription factor activity. In this review, we describe the effects of exogenous and endogenous fatty acids on beta-cell metabolism and gene and protein expression, and have explored the outcomes with respect to insulin secretion and beta-cell integrity.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Diakogiannaki E, Dhayal S, Childs CE, Calder PC, Welters HJ, Morgan NG (2007). Mechanisms involved in the cytotoxic and cytoprotective actions of saturated versus monounsaturated long-chain fatty acids in pancreatic beta-cells.
J Endocrinol,
194(2), 283-291.
Abstract:
Mechanisms involved in the cytotoxic and cytoprotective actions of saturated versus monounsaturated long-chain fatty acids in pancreatic beta-cells.
Long-chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids differ in their propensity to induce beta-cell death in vitro with palmitate (C16:0) being cytotoxic, whereas palmitoleate (C16:1n-7) is cytoprotective. We now show that this cytoprotective capacity extends to a poorly metabolised C16:1n-7 derivative, methyl-palmitoleate (0.25 mM palmitate alone: 92 +/- 4% death after 18 h; palmitate plus 0.25 mM methyl-palmitoleate: 12 +/- 2%; P < 0.001). Palmitoleate and its methylated derivative also acted as mitogens in cultured beta-cells (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation - control: 0.15 +/- 0.01 units; 0.25 mM palmitoleate: 0.22 +/- 0.01 units; P < 0.05). It has been proposed that alterations in neutral lipid synthesis (particularly triacylglycerol (TAG) formation) might mediate the differential responses to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and we have examined this proposition. Palmitate and palmitoleate both promoted beta-cell phospholipid remodelling and increased TAG formation (control: 0.9 +/- 0.1 nmol TAG/10(6) cells; 0.25 mM palmitate: 1.55 +/- 0.07; 0.25 mM palmitoleate: 1.4 +/- 0.05; palmitate plus palmitoleate: 2.3 +/- 0.1). By contrast, methyl-palmitoleate failed to influence TAG levels (0.25 mM methyl-palmitoleate alone: 0.95 +/- 0.06 nmol TAG/10(6) cells; methyl-palmitoleate plus palmitate: 1.5 +/- 0.05) or its fatty acid composition in beta-cells exposed to palmitate. The results suggest that monounsaturated fatty acids can promote cell viability and mitogenesis by a mechanism that does not require their metabolism and is independent of alterations in TAG formation.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Dhayal S, Diakogiannaki E, Welters HJ, Morgan NG (2007). Structural requirements for the cytoprotective effects of monounsaturated fatty acids in pancreatic beta cells.
Author URL.
Diakogiannaki E, Welters HJ, Morgan NG (2007). The mono-unsaturated fatty acid, palmitoleate, attenuates the expression of the ER stress-associated proteins, ATF4 and CHOP-10, in pancreatic beta cells exposed to palmitate or tunicamycin.
Author URL.
2006
Tarasov AI, Welters HJ, Senkel S, Ryffel GU, Hattersley AT, Morgan NG, Ashcroft FM (2006). A Kir6.2 mutation causing neonatal diabetes impairs electrical activity and insulin secretion from INS-1 beta-cells.
Diabetes,
55(11), 3075-3082.
Abstract:
A Kir6.2 mutation causing neonatal diabetes impairs electrical activity and insulin secretion from INS-1 beta-cells.
ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (K(ATP) channels) couple beta-cell metabolism to electrical activity and thereby play an essential role in the control of insulin secretion. Gain-of-function mutations in Kir6.2 (KCNJ11), the pore-forming subunit of this channel, cause neonatal diabetes. We investigated the effect of the most common neonatal diabetes mutation (R201H) on beta-cell electrical activity and insulin secretion by stable transfection in the INS-1 cell line. Expression was regulated by placing the gene under the control of a tetracycline promoter. Transfection with wild-type Kir6.2 had no effect on the ATP sensitivity of the K(ATP) channel, whole-cell K(ATP) current magnitude, or insulin secretion. However, induction of Kir6.2-R201H expression strongly reduced K(ATP) channel ATP sensitivity (the half-maximal inhibitory concentration increased from approximately 20 mumol/l to approximately 2 mmol/l), and the metabolic substrate methyl succinate failed to close K(ATP) channels or stimulate electrical activity and insulin secretion. Thus, these results directly demonstrate that Kir6.2 mutations prevent electrical activity and insulin release from INS-1 cells by increasing the K(ATP) current and hyperpolarizing the beta-cell membrane. This is consistent with the ability of the R201H mutation to cause neonatal diabetes in patients. The relationship between K(ATP) current and the membrane potential reveals that very small changes in current amplitude are sufficient to prevent hormone secretion.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Welters HJ, Senkel S, Klein-Hitpass L, Erdmann S, Thomas H, Harries LW, Pearson ER, Bingham C, Hattersley AT, Ryffel GU, et al (2006). Conditional expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta, the maturity-onset diabetes of the young-5 gene product, influences the viability and functional competence of pancreatic beta-cells.
J Endocrinol,
190(1), 171-181.
Abstract:
Conditional expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta, the maturity-onset diabetes of the young-5 gene product, influences the viability and functional competence of pancreatic beta-cells.
Mutations in the gene encoding hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1beta result in maturity-onset diabetes of the young-(MODY)5, by impairing insulin secretory responses and, possibly, by reducing beta-cell mass. The functional role of HNF1beta in normal beta-cells is poorly understood; therefore, in the present study, wild-type (WT) HNF1beta, or one of two naturally occurring MODY5 mutations (an activating mutation, P328L329del, or a dominant-negative form, A263insGG) were conditionally expressed in the pancreatic beta-cell line, insulin-1 (INS-1), and the functional consequences examined. Surprisingly, overexpression of the dominant-negative mutant did not modify any of the functional properties of the cells studied (including insulin secretion, cell growth and viability). By contrast, expression of WT HNF1beta was associated with a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of INS-1 cell proliferation and a marked increase in apoptosis. Induction of WT HNF1beta also inhibited the insulin secretory response to nutrient stimuli, membrane depolarisation or activation of protein kinases a and C and this correlated with a significant decrease in pancrease-duodenum homeobox-1 protein levels. The attenuation of insulin secretion was, however, dissociated from the inhibition of proliferation and loss of viability, since expression of the P328L329del mutant led to a reduced rate of cell proliferation, but failed to induce apoptosis or to alter insulin secretion. Taken together, the present results suggest that mature rodent beta-cells are sensitive to increased expression of WT HNF1beta and they imply that the levels of this protein are tightly regulated to maintain secretory competence and cell viability.
Abstract.
Author URL.
NMorgan, Diakogiannaki E, Mordue J, Welters H (2006). Differential protective effects of palmitoleic acid and cAMP on caspase activation and cell viability in pancreatic b-cells exposed to pamitate. APOPTOSIS, 11(7), 1231-1238.
Welters HJ, Diakogiannaki E, Mordue JM, Tadayyon M, Smith SA, Morgan NG (2006). Differential protective effects of palmitoleic acid and cAMP on caspase activation and cell viability in pancreatic beta-cells exposed to palmitate.
Apoptosis,
11(7), 1231-1238.
Abstract:
Differential protective effects of palmitoleic acid and cAMP on caspase activation and cell viability in pancreatic beta-cells exposed to palmitate.
Saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids exert differential effects on pancreatic beta-cell viability during chronic exposure. Long chain saturated molecules (e.g. palmitate) are cytotoxic to beta-cells and this is associated with caspase activation and induction of apoptosis. By contrast, mono-unsaturated fatty acids (e.g. palmitoleate) are not toxic and can protect against the detrimental effects of palmitate. In the present study, we show that the protective actions of palmitoleate in BRIN-BD11 beta-cells result in attenuated caspase activation following exposure to palmitate and that a similar response occurs in cells having elevated levels of cAMP. However, unlike palmitoleate, elevation of cAMP was unable to prevent the cytotoxic actions of palmitate since it caused a diversion of the pathway of cell death from apoptosis to necrosis. Palmitoleate did not alter cAMP levels in BRIN-BD11 cells and the results suggest that a change in cAMP is not involved in mediating the protective effects of this fatty acid. Moreover, they reveal that attenuated caspase activation does not always correlate with altered cell viability in cultured beta-cells and suggest that mono-unsaturated fatty acids control cell viability by regulating a different step in the apoptotic pathway from that influenced by cAMP.
Abstract.
Author URL.
2004
Welters HJ, Smith SA, Tadayyon M, Scarpello JHB, Morgan NG (2004). Evidence that protein kinase Cdelta is not required for palmitate-induced cytotoxicity in BRIN-BD11 beta-cells.
J Mol Endocrinol,
32(1), 227-235.
Abstract:
Evidence that protein kinase Cdelta is not required for palmitate-induced cytotoxicity in BRIN-BD11 beta-cells.
Chronic exposure of pancreatic beta-cells to saturated fatty acids leads to loss of viability, an effect that has been implicated in the process of beta-cell 'lipotoxicity' associated with the progression of type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms involved are unknown but recent evidence has implicated the delta isoform of protein kinase C (PKCdelta) in mediating fatty acid toxicity. We have investigated this proposition in the clonal insulin-secreting cell line, BRIN-BD11. BRIN-BD11 cells were found to undergo apoptosis when exposed to palmitate and this response was attenuated by the purportedly selective inhibitor of PKCdelta, rottlerin. However, activation of PKCdelta with the phorbol ester, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), failed to promote cell death and down-regulation of PKCdelta did not prevent the cytotoxic effects of palmitate. Moreover, rottlerin remained effective as a blocker of the palmitate response in cells depleted of PKCdelta. Since rottlerin can inhibit various other kinases in addition to PKCdelta, a range of additional kinase inhibitors was also tested. of these, only the putative Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) inhibitor, KN-62, was found to inhibit palmitate-induced cell death. However, this effect was not reproduced by a more selective pseudo-substrate inhibitor of CaM kinase II. Therefore, the present results reveal that palmitate induces cell death in BRIN-BD11 cells and suggest that this may involve the activation of a rottlerin (and KN-62)-sensitive kinase. However, it is clear that PKCdelta is not required for this response.
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Welters HJ, McBain SC, Tadayyon M, Scarpello JHB, Smith SA, Morgan NG (2004). Expression and functional activity of PPARgamma in pancreatic beta cells.
Br J Pharmacol,
142(7), 1162-1170.
Abstract:
Expression and functional activity of PPARgamma in pancreatic beta cells.
Rosiglitazone is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) and ameliorates insulin resistance in type II diabetes. In addition, it may also promote increased pancreatic beta-cell viability, although it is not known whether this effect is mediated by a direct action on the beta cell. We have investigated this possibility. Semiquantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis (Taqman) revealed that freshly isolated rat islets and the clonal beta-cell line, BRIN-BD11, express PPARgamma, as well as PPARalpha and PPARdelta. The levels of expression of PPARgamma were estimated by reference to adipose tissue and were found to represent approximately 60% (islets) and 30% (BRIN-BD11) of that found in freshly isolated visceral adipose tissue. Western blotting confirmed the presence of immunoreactive PPARgamma in rat (and human) islets and in BRIN-BD11 cells. Transfection of BRIN-BD11 cells with a PPARgamma-sensitive luciferase reporter construct was used to evaluate the functional competence of the endogenous PPARgamma. Luciferase activity was modestly increased by the putative endogenous ligand, 15-deoxy-Delta12,14 prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2). Rosiglitazone also caused activation of the luciferase reporter construct but this effect required concentrations of the drug (50-100 microm) that are beyond the expected therapeutic range. This suggests that PPARgamma is relatively insensitive to activation by rosiglitazone in BRIN-BD11 cells. Exposure of BRIN-BD11 cells to the lipotoxic effector, palmitate, caused a marked loss of viability. This was attenuated by treatment of the cells with either actinomycin D or cycloheximide suggesting that a pathway of programmed cell death was involved. Rosiglitazone failed to protect BRIN-BD11 cells from the toxic actions of palmitate at concentrations up to 50 microm. Similar results were obtained with a range of other PPARgamma agonists. Taken together, the present data suggest that, at least under in vitro conditions, thiazolidinediones do not exert direct protective effects against fatty acid-mediated cytotoxicity in pancreatic beta cells.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Welters HJ, Senkel S, Erdmann S, Thomas H, Morgan NG (2004). Functional effects of regulated expression of wild type and mutant hepatocyte nuclear factor-l beta (HNF1-beta) in pancreatic beta-cells.
Author URL.
Welters HJ, Tadayyon M, Scarpello JHB, Smith SA, Morgan NG (2004). Mono-unsaturated fatty acids protect against beta-cell apoptosis induced by saturated fatty acids, serum withdrawal or cytokine exposure.
FEBS Lett,
560(1-3), 103-108.
Abstract:
Mono-unsaturated fatty acids protect against beta-cell apoptosis induced by saturated fatty acids, serum withdrawal or cytokine exposure.
Long-chain saturated fatty acids are cytotoxic to pancreatic beta-cells while shorter-chain saturated and long-chain unsaturated molecules are better tolerated. Mono-unsaturated fatty acids are not, however, inert since they inhibit the pro-apoptotic effects of saturated molecules. In the present work we show that the mono-unsaturates palmitoleate (C16:1) or oleate (C18:1) also cause marked inhibition of apoptosis induced by exposure of clonal BRIN-BD11 beta-cells to serum withdrawal or a combination of interleukin-1beta plus interferon-gamma. This response was dose-dependent and not accompanied by changes in NO formation. Taken together, the results suggest that mono-unsaturated fatty acids regulate a distal step common to several apoptotic pathways in pancreatic beta-cells.
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2000
Tadayyon M, Welters HJ, Haynes AC, Cluderay JE, Hervieu G (2000). Expression of melanin-concentrating hormone receptors in insulin-producing cells: MCH stimulates insulin release in RINm5F and CRI-G1 cell-lines.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun,
275(2), 709-712.
Abstract:
Expression of melanin-concentrating hormone receptors in insulin-producing cells: MCH stimulates insulin release in RINm5F and CRI-G1 cell-lines.
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic orexigenic peptide. Recently, an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (SLC-1) was identified that binds MCH with high affinity. Here, we demonstrate the mRNA expression of this receptor in insulin-producing cells including CRI-G1 and RINm5F cells, and in rat islets of Langerhans. Immunofluorescence studies in CRI-G1 and RINm5F cell-lines demonstrated cell-surface expression of the receptor. Rat MCH significantly stimulated insulin secretion in both cell-lines. The potency and the efficacy of MCH were significantly increased in the simultaneous presence of forskolin, suggesting that MCH may amplify the insulinotropic effect of cyclic AMP elevating stimuli. Salmon MCH, which differs from rat/human MCH by six amino acids, was less efficacious than rat/human MCH in stimulating insulin release. The data provide evidence for the expression of MCH receptors in insulin producing cells. The insulinotropic effect of MCH may contribute to the regulation of metabolism and energy balance by this peptide.
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