Publications by category
Books
Depledge, M.H. Galloway, T.S. (2005). Toxicity of tributyltin in the marine mollusc <em>Mytilus edulis</em>.
Journal articles
Scarlett, A. Kero, M.H. Depledge, D. (In Press). Age-related impairments of mobility associated with cobalt and other heavy metals: data from NHANES 1999-2004. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Safety
Cracknell D, White MP, Pahl S, Depledge MH (In Press). Aquariums as restorative environments and the influence of species diversity.
Landscape Research,
In Press Full text.
Depledge MH (In Press). Arsenic uncouples cardiac and respiratory responses of Hemifusus tuba (Gmelin) to thermal stress. Asian Marine Biology
Depledge MH (In Press). Assessment of lung function in cancer patients. Asian Medical Journal
Depledge MH, Powles RL (In Press). Bone marrow transplantation as treatment for acute leukaemia using mismatched family donors. Lancet, The
Depledge MH (In Press). Cardiac activity in the intertidal crab. Asian Marine Biology
Depledge MH (In Press). Chemical forms of arsenic in marine organisms with emphasis on Hemifusus spp. Water Science and Technology
Depledge MH (In Press). Disruption of endogenous rhythms in Carcinus maenas following exposure to heavy metal pollution. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology
Depledge MH (In Press). Dose-independence of early, cyclophosphamide-induced lung damage in mice. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine
Depledge MH, Barrett A (In Press). Dose-rate independence of lung damage after total body irradiation in mice. International Journal of Radiation Biology
Depledge MH, SLOANE JP, Powles RL, Morgenstern GR, Trickey BS, DADY PJ (In Press). Histopathology of the lung following bone marrow transplantation. Journal of Clinical Pathology
Depledge MH (In Press). Iron distribution and transport in Scylla serrata (Forskål). Asian Marine Biology
Depledge MH, Leigh M, Powles RL, Morgenstern G, Barrett A, Mackenzie J, Lumley H (In Press). Mismatched bone marrow transplantation from family members. Experimental Hematology
White M, Pahl S, Wheeler BW, Depledge MH, Fleming LE (In Press). Natural environments and subjective well-being: Different types of nature exposure are associated with different aspects of wellbeing.
Health & PLace,
In press Full text.
Phoenix C, Wheeler B, Osbourne N, Redshaw C, Moran R, Stahl-Timmins W, Depledge M, Fleming L (In Press). Paradigmatic Approaches to Studying Environment and Human Health: (Forgotten) Implications
for Interdisciplinary Research.
Environmental Science and PolicyAbstract:
Paradigmatic Approaches to Studying Environment and Human Health: (Forgotten) Implications
for Interdisciplinary Research
Interdisciplinary research is increasingly promoted in a wide range of fields, especially so in
the study of relationships between the environment and human health. However, many projects and
research teams struggle to address exactly how researchers from a multitude of disciplinary and
methodological backgrounds can best work together to maximize the value of this approach to
research. In this paper, we briefly review the role of interdisciplinary research, and emphasize that it is
not only our discipline and methods, but our research paradigms, that shape the way that we work. We
summarize three key research paradigms - positivism, postpositivism and interpretivism - with an
example of how each might approach a given environment-health research issue. In turn, we argue that
understanding the paradigm from which each researcher operates is fundamental to enabling and
optimizing the integration of research disciplines, now argued by many to be necessary for our
understanding of the complexities of the interconnections between human health and our environment
as well as their impacts in the policy arena. We recognize that a comprehensive interrogation of
research approaches and philosophies would require far greater length than is available in a journal
paper. However, our intention is to instigate debate, recognition, and appreciation of the different
worlds inhabited by the multitude of researchers involved in this rapidly expanding field.
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Depledge MH (In Press). Perfusion requirements and oxygen demand in the green crab (Carcinus maenas L.) held in hypo-osmotic media. Comparative Physiology & Ecology
Depledge MH, Barrett A, Powles RL (In Press). Pulmonary oedema with leaky endothelia syndrome. Experimental Hematology
Wheeler BW, Allen J, Depledge MH, Curnow A (In Press). Radon and skin cancer in south-west England: an ecological study.
Epidemiology,
(In Press) Full text.
Cracknell D, White MP, Pahl S, Nicols WJ, Depledge MH (In Press). Sub-aquatic biodiversity and psychological well-being: a preliminary examination of dose-response effects in an aquarium setting. Environment & Behavior, In press
Depledge MH, Barrett A (In Press). Total Body Irradiation: some factors affecting outcome. Experimental Hematology
Abo-Zaid G, Sharpe RA, Fleming LE, Depledge M, Osborne NJ (2018). Association of Infant Eczema with Childhood and Adult Asthma: Analysis of Data from the 1958 Birth Cohort Study.
Int J Environ Res Public Health,
15(7).
Abstract:
Association of Infant Eczema with Childhood and Adult Asthma: Analysis of Data from the 1958 Birth Cohort Study.
The influence of early life exposures on later life disease has for some time provided clues to modifiable risk factors of disease. The “atopic march” is thought to play a role in the progression of allergic diseases and may offer an opportunity to lower asthma’s health and socioeconomic burden, although evidence remains controversial. We aimed to examine the relationship between early life eczema and asthma later in life. Using the National Child Development Study, we examined infant eczema and childhood and adult asthma. Data related to asthma or wheezing bronchitis were available for 13,503 (73%; 95% CI 72⁻74), 11,503 (61%; 95% CI 60⁻61), 12,524 (68%; 95% CI 67⁻69), 11,194 (60%; 95% CI 60⁻60), 9377 (51%; 95% CI 51⁻51), and 9760 (53%; 95% CI 52⁻53) subjects at ages 11, 16, 23, 33, 44, and 50 years, respectively. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine each wave separately before and after adjusting for a range of potential confounders. Generalised estimating equation (GEE) methods were undertaken to examine the associations after pooling all data from questionnaires. The prevalence of self-reported asthma in those that had previously reported infant eczema ranged from 1.0%; 95% CI 0.9⁻1.4 (age 44 years) to 2.2%; 95% CI 2.1⁻2.3 (age 33 years). Participants with infant eczema had a 2⁻3-fold increased risk of reporting asthma in childhood and adulthood; this was 1.6 times at age 44 years when using spirometry measures. Similar effect sizes were observed in the GEE models when considering all participants (OR 2.9; 95% CI 2.6⁻3.2). Childhood and adult asthma were consistently associated with infant eczema both by using the self-reported data and lung measures.
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Hinchliffe S, Jackson M, Wyatt K, Barlow A, Barreto M, Clare L, Deplege M, Durie R, Fleming L, Groom N, et al (2018). Healthy publics: Enabling cultures and environments for health.
Palgrave Communications Full text.
Cracknell D, White MP, Pahl S, Depledge MH (2017). A preliminary investigation into the restorative potential of public aquaria exhibits: a UK student-based study.
Landscape Research,
42(1), 18-32.
Abstract:
A preliminary investigation into the restorative potential of public aquaria exhibits: a UK student-based study
© 2016 Landscape Research Group Ltd. Even ‘managed’ natural settings, such as botanical gardens and zoos, can provide restorative experiences. Well-being benefits may also be greater in land/waterscapes with greater biodiversity (eg, species richness). Using two photo studies with student participants, we explored aesthetic and behavioural preferences, affect and the restorative potential of multiple public aquaria exhibits, including variation in biodiversity. Study 1 (N = 39) found that aquarium exhibits, in general, scored as highly as natural environments (eg, green space) on all dimensions. Study 2 (N = 40) examined whether responses were influenced by exhibit characteristics including: climatic region (tropical/temperate), biological group (vertebrates/invertebrates), species richness (high/low) and abundance of individuals (high/low). Supporting predictions, tropical, vertebrate (fish) and high species richness exhibits were generally rated more positively than temperate/invertebrate/low species richness exhibits. However, some low richness/high abundance exhibits were also rated unexpectedly positively. Findings are discussed within the context of the growing well-being and biodiversity literature.
Abstract.
White CJ, Carlsen H, Robertson AW, Klein RJT, Lazo JK, Kumar A, Vitart F, Coughlan de Perez E, Ray AJ, Murray V, et al (2017). Potential applications of subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) predictions.
Meteorological Applications,
24(3), 315-325.
Abstract:
Potential applications of subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) predictions
© 2017 Royal Meteorological Society While seasonal outlooks have been operational for many years, until recently the extended-range timescale referred to as subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) has received little attention. S2S prediction fills the gap between short-range weather prediction and long-range seasonal outlooks. Decisions in a range of sectors are made in this extended-range lead time; therefore, there is a strong demand for this new generation of forecasts. International efforts are under way to identify key sources of predictability, improve forecast skill and operationalize aspects of S2S forecasts; however, challenges remain in advancing this new frontier. If S2S predictions are to be used effectively, it is important that, along with science advances, an effort is made to develop, communicate and apply these forecasts appropriately. In this study, the emerging operational S2S forecasts are presented to the wider weather and climate applications community by undertaking the first comprehensive review of sectoral applications of S2S predictions, including public health, disaster preparedness, water management, energy and agriculture. The value of applications-relevant S2S predictions is explored, and the opportunities and challenges facing their uptake are highlighted. It is shown how social sciences can be integrated with S2S development, from communication to decision-making and valuation of forecasts, to enhance the benefits of ‘climate services’ approaches for extended-range forecasting. While S2S forecasting is at a relatively early stage of development, it is concluded that it presents a significant new window of opportunity that can be explored for application-ready capabilities that could allow many sectors the opportunity to systematically plan on a new time horizon.
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Watts N, Adger WN, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Bai Y, Byass P, Campbell-Lendrum D, Colbourn T, Cox P, Davies M, Depledge M, et al (2017). The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change.
Lancet,
389(10074), 1151-1164.
Abstract:
The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change.
The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change is an international, multidisciplinary research collaboration between academic institutions and practitioners across the world. It follows on from the work of the 2015 Lancet Commission, which concluded that the response to climate change could be "the greatest global health opportunity of the 21st century". The Lancet Countdown aims to track the health impacts of climate hazards; health resilience and adaptation; health co-benefits of climate change mitigation; economics and finance; and political and broader engagement. These focus areas form the five thematic working groups of the Lancet Countdown and represent different aspects of the complex association between health and climate change. These thematic groups will provide indicators for a global overview of health and climate change; national case studies highlighting countries leading the way or going against the trend; and engagement with a range of stakeholders. The Lancet Countdown ultimately aims to report annually on a series of indicators across these five working groups. This paper outlines the potential indicators and indicator domains to be tracked by the collaboration, with suggestions on the methodologies and datasets available to achieve this end. The proposed indicator domains require further refinement, and mark the beginning of an ongoing consultation process-from November, 2016 to early 2017-to develop these domains, identify key areas not currently covered, and change indicators where necessary. This collaboration will actively seek to engage with existing monitoring processes, such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals and WHO's climate and health country profiles. The indicators will also evolve over time through ongoing collaboration with experts and a range of stakeholders, and be dependent on the emergence of new evidence and knowledge. During the course of its work, the Lancet Countdown will adopt a collaborative and iterative process, which aims to complement existing initiatives, welcome engagement with new partners, and be open to developing new research projects on health and climate change.
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Cracknell D, White MP, Pahl S, Nichols WJ, Depledge MH (2016). Marine Biota and Psychological Well-Being: a Preliminary Examination of Dose-Response Effects in an Aquarium Setting.
Environ Behav,
48(10), 1242-1269.
Abstract:
Marine Biota and Psychological Well-Being: a Preliminary Examination of Dose-Response Effects in an Aquarium Setting.
Exposure to natural environments can have calming and stress-reducing effects on humans. Moreover, previous studies suggest that these benefits may be greater in areas with higher species richness. Our study took advantage of a "natural experiment" to examine people's behavioral, physiological, and psychological reactions to increases in levels of marine biota in a large aquarium exhibit during three stages of restocking: Unstocked, Partially stocked, and Fully stocked. We found that increased biota levels were associated with longer spontaneous viewing of the exhibit, greater reductions in heart rate, greater increases in self-reported mood, and higher interest. We suggest that higher biota levels, even in managed settings, may be associated with important well-being and health benefits, particularly for individuals not able to access the natural analogues of managed environments.
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Sabel CE, Hiscock R, Asikainen A, Bi J, Depledge M, van den Elshout S, Friedrich R, Huang G, Hurley F, Jantunen M, et al (2016). Public health impacts of city policies to reduce climate change: findings from the URGENCHE EU-China project.
Environ Health,
15 Suppl 1Abstract:
Public health impacts of city policies to reduce climate change: findings from the URGENCHE EU-China project.
BACKGROUND: Climate change is a global threat to health and wellbeing. Here we provide findings of an international research project investigating the health and wellbeing impacts of policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in urban environments. METHODS: Five European and two Chinese city authorities and partner academic organisations formed the project consortium. The methodology involved modelling the impact of adopted urban climate-change mitigation transport, buildings and energy policy scenarios, usually for the year 2020 and comparing them with business as usual (BAU) scenarios (where policies had not been adopted). Carbon dioxide emissions, health impacting exposures (air pollution, noise and physical activity), health (cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer and leukaemia) and wellbeing (including noise related wellbeing, overall wellbeing, economic wellbeing and inequalities) were modelled. The scenarios were developed from corresponding known levels in 2010 and pre-existing exposure response functions. Additionally there were literature reviews, three longitudinal observational studies and two cross sectional surveys. RESULTS: There are four key findings. Firstly introduction of electric cars may confer some small health benefits but it would be unwise for a city to invest in electric vehicles unless their power generation fuel mix generates fewer emissions than petrol and diesel. Second, adopting policies to reduce private car use may have benefits for carbon dioxide reduction and positive health impacts through reduced noise and increased physical activity. Third, the benefits of carbon dioxide reduction from increasing housing efficiency are likely to be minor and co-benefits for health and wellbeing are dependent on good air exchange. Fourthly, although heating dwellings by in-home biomass burning may reduce carbon dioxide emissions, consequences for health and wellbeing were negative with the technology in use in the cities studied. CONCLUSIONS: the climate-change reduction policies reduced CO2 emissions (the most common greenhouse gas) from cities but impact on global emissions of CO2 would be more limited due to some displacement of emissions. The health and wellbeing impacts varied and were often limited reflecting existing relatively high quality of life and environmental standards in most of the participating cities; the greatest potential for future health benefit occurs in less developed or developing countries.
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White MP, Elliott LR, Taylor TJ, Wheeler BW, Spencer AE, Bone A, Depledge MH, Fleming LE (2016). Recreational physical activity in natural environments and implications for health: a population based cross-sectional study in England.
Preventative Medicine Full text.
White MP, Pahl S, Wheeler BW, Fleming LEF, Depledge MH (2016). The ‘Blue Gym’: What can blue space do for you and what can you do for blue space?.
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,
96(1), 5-12.
Abstract:
The ‘Blue Gym’: What can blue space do for you and what can you do for blue space?
The Blue Gym Initiative was created in the UK in 2009 to explore: (1) whether blue space environments might be positively related to human health and well-being; and (2) whether the public could be encouraged to preserve and protect these environments. Whilst the wider initiative considers all blue spaces including inland bodies of water (e.g. lakes, rivers and canals as well as the coasts and oceans), to date the focus has been primarily on marine and coastal environments. In this paper, we provide a brief history of the Blue Gym Initiative, and outline some of the research that has emerged to date. An important early finding was the observation that individuals living near the coast are generally healthier and happier than those living inland; much subsequent work has tried to understand why this might be. More recently we have begun to focus on how to promote pro-marine behaviours (e.g. sustainable fish choice, reduction of plastic use, avoidance of littering). This strand is still very much work in progress but highlights the importance of understanding public awareness, values and attitudes and the power of visualization in communicating the marine sustainability issues. We conclude with a brief discussion of some of the implications of the findings and future research needs.
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Sutherland WJ, Clout M, Depledge M, Dicks LV, Dinsdale J, Entwistle AC, Fleishman E, Gibbons DW, Keim B, Lickorish FA, et al (2015). A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2015.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
30(1), 17-24.
Abstract:
A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2015
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This paper presents the results of our sixth annual horizon scan, which aims to identify phenomena that may have substantial effects on the global environment, but are not widely known or well understood. A group of professional horizon scanners, researchers, practitioners, and a journalist identified 15 topics via an iterative, Delphi-like process. The topics include a novel class of insecticide compounds, legalisation of recreational drugs, and the emergence of a new ecosystem associated with ice retreat in the Antarctic.
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Wheeler BW, Lovell R, Higgins SL, White MP, Alcock I, Osborne NJ, Husk K, Sabel CE, Depledge MH (2015). Beyond greenspace: an ecological study of population general health and indicators of natural environment type and quality.
Int J Health Geogr,
14Abstract:
Beyond greenspace: an ecological study of population general health and indicators of natural environment type and quality.
BACKGROUND: Many studies suggest that exposure to natural environments ('greenspace') enhances human health and wellbeing. Benefits potentially arise via several mechanisms including stress reduction, opportunity and motivation for physical activity, and reduced air pollution exposure. However, the evidence is mixed and sometimes inconclusive. One explanation may be that "greenspace" is typically treated as a homogenous environment type. However, recent research has revealed that different types and qualities of natural environments may influence health and wellbeing to different extents. METHODS: This ecological study explores this issue further using data on land cover type, bird species richness, water quality and protected or designated status to create small-area environmental indicators across Great Britain. Associations between these indicators and age/sex standardised prevalence of both good and bad health from the 2011 Census were assessed using linear regression models. Models were adjusted for indicators of socio-economic deprivation and rurality, and also investigated effect modification by these contextual characteristics. RESULTS: Positive associations were observed between good health prevalence and the density of the greenspace types, "broadleaf woodland", "arable and horticulture", "improved grassland", "saltwater" and "coastal", after adjusting for potential confounders. Inverse associations with bad health prevalence were observed for the same greenspace types, with the exception of "saltwater". Land cover diversity and density of protected/designated areas were also associated with good and bad health in the predicted manner. Bird species richness (an indicator of local biodiversity) was only associated with good health prevalence. Surface water quality, an indicator of general local environmental condition, was associated with good and bad health prevalence contrary to the manner expected, with poorer water quality associated with better population health. Effect modification by income deprivation and urban/rural status was observed for several of the indicators. CONCLUSIONS: the findings indicate that the type, quality and context of 'greenspace' should be considered in the assessment of relationships between greenspace and human health and wellbeing. Opportunities exist to further integrate approaches from ecosystem services and public health perspectives to maximise opportunities to inform policies for health and environmental improvement and protection.
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Hays J, Finkel ML, Depledge M, Law A, Shonkoff SBC (2015). Considerations for the development of shale gas in the United Kingdom.
Sci Total Environ,
512-513, 36-42.
Abstract:
Considerations for the development of shale gas in the United Kingdom.
The United States shale gas boom has precipitated global interest in the development of unconventional oil and gas resources. Recently, government ministers in the United Kingdom started granting licenses that will enable companies to begin initial exploration for shale gas. Meanwhile, concern is increasing among the scientific community about the potential impacts of shale gas and other types of unconventional natural gas development (UGD) on human health and the environment. Although significant data gaps remain, there has been a surge in the number of articles appearing in the scientific literature, nearly three-quarters of which has been published since the beginning of 2013. Important lessons can be drawn from the UGD experience in the United States. Here we explore these considerations and argue that shale gas development policies in the UK and elsewhere should be informed by empirical evidence generated on environmental, public health, and social risks. Additionally, policy decisions should take into account the measured effectiveness of harm reduction strategies as opposed to hypothetical scenarios and purported best practices that lack empirical support.
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Staddon PL, Depledge MH (2015). Fracking Cannot be Reconciled with Climate Change Mitigation Policies.
Environ Sci Technol,
49(14), 8269-8270.
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Annerstedt van den Bosch M, Depledge MH (2015). Healthy people with nature in mind.
BMC Public Health,
15Abstract:
Healthy people with nature in mind.
BACKGROUND: the global disease burden resulting from climate change is likely to be substantial and will put further strain on public health systems that are already struggling to cope with demand. An up- stream solution, that of preventing climate change and associated adverse health effects, is a promising approach, which would create win-win-situations where both the environment and human health benefit. One such solution would be to apply methods of behaviour change to prompt pro-environmentalism, which in turn benefits health and wellbeing. DISCUSSION: Based on evidence from the behavioural sciences, we suggest that, like many social behaviours, pro- environmental behaviour can be automatically induced by internal or external stimuli. A potential trigger for such automatic pro-environmental behaviour would be natural environments themselves. Previous research has demonstrated that natural environments evoke specific psychological and physiological reactions, as demonstrated by self-reports, epidemiological studies, brain imaging techniques, and various biomarkers. This suggests that exposure to natural environments could have automatic behavioural effects, potentially in a pro-environmental direction, mediated by physiological reactions. Providing access and fostering exposure to natural environments could then serve as a public health tool, together with other measures, by mitigating climate change and achieving sustainable health in sustainable ecosystems. However, before such actions are implemented basic research is required to elucidate the mechanisms involved, and applied investigations are needed to explore real world impacts and effect magnitudes. As environmental research is still not sufficiently integrated within medical or public health studies there is an urgent need to promote interdisciplinary methods and investigations in this critical field. Health risks posed by anthropogenic climate change are large, unevenly distributed, and unpredictable. To ameliorate negative impacts, pro-environmental behaviours should be fostered. Potentially this could be achieved automatically through exposure to favourable natural environments, with an opportunity for cost-efficient nature-based solutions that provide benefits for both the environment and public health.
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Pretty J, Barton J, Pervez Bharucha Z, Bragg R, Pencheon D, Wood C, Depledge MH (2015). Improving health and well-being independently of GDP: dividends of greener and prosocial economies.
International Journal of Environmental Health ResearchAbstract:
Improving health and well-being independently of GDP: dividends of greener and prosocial economies
Increases in gross domestic product (GDP) beyond a threshold of basic needs do not lead to further increases in well-being. An explanation is that material consumption (MC) also results in negative health externalities. We assess how these externalities influence six factors critical for well-being: (i) healthy food; (ii) active body; (iii) healthy mind; (iv) community links; (v) contact with nature; and (vi) attachment to possessions. If environmentally sustainable consumption (ESC) were increasingly substituted for MC, thus improving well-being and stocks of natural and social capital, and sustainable behaviours involving non-material consumption (SBs-NMC) became more prevalent, then well-being would increase regardless of levels of GDP. In the UK, the individualised annual health costs of negative consumption externalities (NCEs) currently amount to £62 billion for the National Health Service, and £184 billion for the economy (for mental ill-health, dementia, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, loneliness and cardiovascular disease). A dividend is available if substitution by ESC and SBs-NMC could limit the prevalence of these conditions.
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Reis S, Steinle S, Morris G, Fleming LE, Cowie H, Hurley F, Dick J, Smith R, Austen M, White M, et al (2015). Integrating Health & Environmental Impact Analysis.
Public Health,
2015, 1383-1389.
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Thomas F, Depledge M (2015). Medicine ‘misuse’: Implications for health and environmental sustainability.
Social Science & Medicine,
143, 81-87.
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White MP, Pahl S, Ashbullby KJ, Burton F, Depledge MH (2015). The Effects of Exercising in Different Natural Environments on Psycho-Physiological Outcomes in Post-Menopausal Women: a Simulation Study.
Int J Environ Res Public Health,
12(9), 11929-11953.
Abstract:
The Effects of Exercising in Different Natural Environments on Psycho-Physiological Outcomes in Post-Menopausal Women: a Simulation Study.
The current study examined potential psycho-physiological benefits from exercising in simulated natural environments among a sample of post-menopausal women using a laboratory based protocol. Participants cycled on a stationary exercise bike for 15 min while facing either a blank wall (Control) or while watching one of three videos: Urban (Grey), Countryside (Green), Coast (Blue). Blood pressure, heart rate and affective responses were measured pre-post. Heart rate, affect, perceived exertion and time perception were also measured at 5, 10 and 15 min during exercise. Experience evaluation was measured at the end. Replicating most earlier findings, affective, but not physiological, outcomes were more positive for exercise in the simulated Green and, for the first time, Blue environment, compared to Control. Moreover, only the simulated Blue environment was associated with shorter perceived exercise duration than Control and participants were most willing to repeat exercise in the Blue setting. The current research extended earlier work by exploring the effects of "blue exercise" and by using a demographic with relatively low average levels of physical activity. That this sample of postmenopausal women were most willing to repeat a bout of exercise in a simulated Blue environment may be important for physical activity promotion in this cohort.
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Lovell R, Wheeler BW, Higgins SL, Irvine KN, Depledge MH (2014). A systematic review of the health and well-being benefits of biodiverse environments.
J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev,
17(1), 1-20.
Abstract:
A systematic review of the health and well-being benefits of biodiverse environments.
Recent ecosystem service models have placed biodiversity as a central factor in the processes that link the natural environment to health. While it is recognized that disturbed ecosystems might negatively affect human well-being, it is not clear whether biodiversity is related to or can promote "good" human health and well-being. The aim of this study was to systematically identify, summarize, and synthesize research that had examined whether biodiverse environments are health promoting. The objectives were twofold: (1) to map the interdisciplinary field of enquiry and (2) to assess whether current evidence enables us to characterize the relationship. Due to the heterogeneity of available evidence a narrative synthesis approach was used, which is textual rather than statistical. Extensive searches identified 17 papers that met the inclusion criteria: 15 quantitative and 2 qualitative. The evidence was varied in disciplinary origin, with authors approaching the question using different study designs and methods, and conceptualizations of biodiversity, health, and well-being. There is some evidence to suggest that biodiverse natural environments promote better health through exposure to pleasant environments or the encouragement of health-promoting behaviors. There was also evidence of inverse relationships, particularly at a larger scale (global analyses). However, overall the evidence is inconclusive and fails to identify a specific role for biodiversity in the promotion of better health. High-quality interdisciplinary research is needed to produce a more reliable evidence base. of particular importance is identifying the specific ecosystem services, goods, and processes through which biodiversity may generate good health and well-being.
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Clark NE, Lovell R, Wheeler BW, Higgins SL, Depledge MH, Norris K (2014). Biodiversity, cultural pathways, and human health: a framework.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
29(4), 198-204.
Abstract:
Biodiversity, cultural pathways, and human health: a framework
Direct contact with biodiversity is culturally important in a range of contexts. Many people even join conservation organisations to protect biodiversity that they will never encounter first-hand. Despite this, we have little idea how biodiversity affects people's well-being and health through these cultural pathways. Human health is sensitive to apparently trivial psychological stimuli, negatively affected by the risk of environmental degradation, and positively affected by contact with natural spaces. This suggests that well-being and health should be affected by biodiversity change, but few studies have begun to explore these relationships. Here, we develop a framework for linking biodiversity change with human cultural values, well-being, and health. We argue that better understanding these relations might be profoundly important for biodiversity conservation and public health. © 2014 the Authors.
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Staddon PL, Montgomery HE, Depledge MH (2014). Climate warming will not decrease winter mortality.
NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE,
4(3), 190-194.
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White MP, Wheeler BW, Herbert S, Alcock I, Depledge MH (2014). Coastal proximity and physical activity. Is the coast an underappreciated public health resource?.
Preventive Medicine,
69, 135-140.
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Fleming LE, Haines A, Golding B, Kessel A, Cichowska A, Sabel CE, Depledge MH, Sarran C, Osborne NJ, Whitmore C, et al (2014). Data mashups: potential contribution to decision support on climate change and health.
Int J Environ Res Public Health,
11(2), 1725-1746.
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Data mashups: potential contribution to decision support on climate change and health.
Linking environmental, socioeconomic and health datasets provides new insights into the potential associations between climate change and human health and wellbeing, and underpins the development of decision support tools that will promote resilience to climate change, and thus enable more effective adaptation. This paper outlines the challenges and opportunities presented by advances in data collection, storage, analysis, and access, particularly focusing on "data mashups". These data mashups are integrations of different types and sources of data, frequently using open application programming interfaces and data sources, to produce enriched results that were not necessarily the original reason for assembling the raw source data. As an illustration of this potential, this paper describes a recently funded initiative to create such a facility in the UK for use in decision support around climate change and health, and provides examples of suitable sources of data and the purposes to which they can be directed, particularly for policy makers and public health decision makers.
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White M, Cracknell D, Corcoran A, Jenkinson G, Depledge MH (2014). Do preferences for waterscapes persist in inclement weather conditions and extend to sub-aquatic scenes?. Landscape Research(39), 339-358.
Fossi MC, Depledge MH (2014). Exploring the potential of large vertebrates as early warning sentinels of threats to marine ecosystems, human health and wellbeing. Marine Environmental Research, 100, 1-2.
Fossi MC, Depledge MH (2014). Exploring the potential of large vertebrates as early warning sentinels of threats to marine ecosystems, human health and wellbeing.
Mar Environ Res,
100, 1-2.
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Thomas F, Sabel CE, Morton K, Hiscock R, Depledge MH (2014). Extended impacts of climate change on health and wellbeing.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY,
44, 271-278.
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Alcock I, White MP, Wheeler BW, Fleming L, Depledge MH (2014). Longitudinal Effects on Mental Health of Moving to Greener and Less Green Urban Areas.
Environmental Science and Technology (Washington),
48(2), 1247-1255.
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Galgani F, Claro F, Depledge M, Fossi C (2014). Monitoring the impact of litter in large vertebrates in the Mediterranean Sea within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD): Constraints, specificities and recommendations.
Marine Environmental Research,
100, 3-9.
Abstract:
Monitoring the impact of litter in large vertebrates in the Mediterranean Sea within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD): Constraints, specificities and recommendations
In its decision (2010/477/EU) relating to the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC), the European Commission identified the following points as focuses for monitoring:. (i) 10.1.1: Trends in the amount, source and composition of litter washed ashore and/or deposited on coastlines. (ii) 10.1.2: Trends in the amount and composition of litter in the water column and accumulation on the sea floor. (iii) 10.1.3: Trends in the amount, distribution and composition of micro-particles (mainly microplastics), and. (iv) 10.2.1: Trends in the amount and composition of litter ingested by marine animals.Monitoring the impacts of litter will be considered further in 2014. At that time, the strategy will be discussed in the context of the Mediterranean Sea, providing information on constraints, protocols, existing harm and research needed to support monitoring efforts.The definition of targets and acceptable levels of harm must take all factors into account, whether entanglement, ingestion, the transport and release of pollutants, the transport of alien species and socio-economic impacts. It must also reflect on the practical deployment of "ingestion" measures (10.2.1). The analysis of existing data will reveal the potential and suitability of some higher trophic level organisms (fish, turtles, birds and mammals) for monitoring the adverse effects of litter. Sea turtles appear to be useful indicator species, but the definition of an ecological quality objective is still needed, as well as research on alternative potential indicator species. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Galgani F, Claro F, Depledge M, Fossi C (2014). Monitoring the impact of litter in large vertebrates in the Mediterranean Sea within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD): Constraints, specificities and recommendations. Marine Environmental Research
Fleming LE, McDonough N, Austen M, Mee L, Moore M, Hess P, Depledge MH, White M, Philippart K, Bradbrook P, et al (2014). Oceans and Human Health: a rising tide of challenges and opportunities for Europe.
Mar Environ Res,
99, 16-19.
Abstract:
Oceans and Human Health: a rising tide of challenges and opportunities for Europe.
The European Marine Board recently published a position paper on linking oceans and human health as a strategic research priority for Europe. With this position paper as a reference, the March 2014 Cornwall Oceans and Human Health Workshop brought together key scientists, policy makers, funders, business, and non governmental organisations from Europe and the US to review the recent interdisciplinary and cutting edge research in oceans and human health specifically the growing evidence of the impacts of oceans and seas on human health and wellbeing (and the effects of humans on the oceans). These impacts are a complex mixture of negative influences (e.g. from climate change and extreme weather to harmful algal blooms and chemical pollution) and beneficial factors (e.g. from natural products including seafood to marine renewable energy and wellbeing from interactions with coastal environments). Integrated approaches across disciplines, institutions, and nations in science and policy are needed to protect both the oceans and human health and wellbeing now and in the future.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Full text.
Staddon P, Montgomery H, Depledge M (2014). Reply to 'A note of caution about the excess winter deaths measure'. Nature Climate Change, 4(8).
Kovats S, Depledge M, Haines A, Fleming LE, Wilkinson P, Shonkoff SB, Scovronick N (2014). The health implications of fracking. The Lancet, 383(9919), 757-758.
Kovats S, Depledge M, Haines A, Fleming LE, Wilkinson P, Shonkoff SB, Scovronick N (2014). The health implications of fracking.
Lancet,
383(9919), 757-758.
Author URL.
Sutherland WJ, Bardsley S, Clout M, Depledge MH, Dicks LV, Fellman L, Fleishman E, Gibbons DW, Keim B, Lickorish F, et al (2013). A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2013.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
28(1), 16-22.
Abstract:
A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2013
This paper presents the findings of our fourth annual horizon-scanning exercise, which aims to identify topics that increasingly may affect conservation of biological diversity. The 15 issues were identified via an iterative, transferable process by a team of professional horizon scanners, researchers, practitioners, and a journalist. The 15 topics include the commercial use of antimicrobial peptides, thorium-fuelled nuclear power, and undersea oil production. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Tyrrell J, Fleming LE, Holgate ST (2013). Are marine environmental pollutants influencing global patterns of human disease?.
Mar Environ Res,
83, 93-95.
Abstract:
Are marine environmental pollutants influencing global patterns of human disease?
Thousands of toxic chemicals, many of which pollute marine ecosystems, potentially cause diseases, but building a consensus view of the significance of human body burdens of environmental chemicals is proving difficult. Causative mechanisms are often lacking. Older members of the population, of which there are increasing numbers worldwide, accumulate higher body burdens than the young, and may be especially at risk. It also remains unclear when crucially sensitive periods for chemical exposures occur across the life course. Very early exposures may lead to diseases much later on. The current lack of robust science upon which to base high quality expert advice is hampering effective policymaking that leads to further reductions in marine pollution, greater protection of marine life and lowering of risks to human health.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Depledge MH, Harvey AJ, Brownlee C, Frost M, Moore MN, Fleming LE (2013). Changing views of the interconnections between the oceans and human health in Europe.
Microb Ecol,
65(4), 852-859.
Abstract:
Changing views of the interconnections between the oceans and human health in Europe.
Early steps in the emergence of the discipline of "Oceans and Human Health" are charted in the USA and discussed in relation to past and present marine environment and human health research activities in Europe. Differences in terminology are considered, as well as differences in circumstances related to the various seas of Europe and the intensity of human coastal activity and impact. Opportunities to progress interdisciplinary research are described, and the value of horizon scanning for the early identification of emerging issues is highlighted. The challenges facing researchers and policymakers addressing oceans and human health issues are outlined and some suggestions offered regarding how further progress in research and training into both the risks and benefits of Oceans and Human Health might be made on both sides of the Atlantic.
Abstract.
Author URL.
White MP, Alcock I, Wheeler BW, Depledge MH (2013). Coastal proximity, health and well-being: Results from a longitudinal panel survey.
Health & Place,
23, 97-103.
Abstract:
Coastal proximity, health and well-being: Results from a longitudinal panel survey
Abstract Analysis of English census data revealed a positive association between self-reported health and living near the coast. However that analysis was based on cross-sectional data and was unable to control for potential selection effects (e.g. generally healthier, personality types moving to coastal locations). In the current study we have used English panel data to explore the relationship between the proximity to the coast and indicators of generic and mental health for the same individuals over time. This allowed us to control for both time-invariant factors such as personality and compare the strength of any relationship to that of other relationships (e.g. employment vs. unemployment). In support of cross-sectional analysis, individuals reported significantly better general health and lower levels of mental distress when living nearer the coast, controlling for both individual (e.g. employment status) and area (e.g. green space) level factors. No coastal effect on life satisfaction was found. Although individual level coastal proximity effects for general health and mental distress were small, their cumulative impact at the community level may be meaningful for policy makers.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Full text.
White MP, Pahl S, Ashbullby K, Herbert S, Depledge MH (2013). Feelings of restoration from recent nature visits.
Journal of Environmental Psychology,
35, 40-51.
Abstract:
Feelings of restoration from recent nature visits
Exposure to natural environments can help restore depleted emotional and cognitive resources. However, investigation of the relative impacts of different natural environments among large samples is limited. Using data from 4255 respondents drawn from Natural England's Monitoring Engagement with the Natural Environment survey (2009-2011), we investigated feelings of restoration (calm, relaxed, revitalized and refreshed) recalled by individuals after visits to different natural environments within the last week. Controlling for demographic and visit characteristics we found that of the broad environmental categories, coastal visits were associated with the most restoration and town and urban parks with the least. In terms of specific environmental types two "green space" locations (woodlands/forests and hills/moorland/mountains) were associated with levels of restoration comparable to coastal locations. Urban playing fields were associated with the least restoration. Restoration was positively associated with visit duration (a potential dose-response effect), and visits with children were associated with less restoration than visits alone. There was little evidence that different activities (e.g. walking, exercising) were associated with differences in restoration. The data may improve our understanding of the "cultural eco-system services" provided by different natural environments and help decision makers keen to invest scare resources in those environments most associated with psychological benefits. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Tyrrell J, Galloway TS, Abo-Zaid G, Melzer D, Depledge MH, Osborne NJ (2013). High urinary tungsten concentration is associated with stroke in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010.
PLoS One,
8(11).
Abstract:
High urinary tungsten concentration is associated with stroke in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010.
BACKGROUND: in recent years there has been an exponential increase in tungsten demand, potentially increasing human exposure to the metal. Currently, the toxicology of tungsten is poorly understood, but mounting evidence suggests that both the elemental metal and its alloys have cytotoxic effects. Here, we investigate the association between tungsten and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or stroke using six waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: We investigated associations using crude and adjusted logistic regression models in a cohort of 8614 adults (18-74 years) with 193 reported stroke diagnoses and 428 reported diagnoses of CVD. We also stratified our data to characterize associations in a subset of younger individuals (18-50 years). RESULTS: Elevated tungsten concentrations were strongly associated with an increase in the prevalence of stroke, independent of typical risk factors (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.66, 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): 1.17, 2.34). The association between tungsten and stroke in the young age category was still evident (OR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.33, 3.53). CONCLUSION: This study represents the most comprehensive analysis of the human health effects of tungsten to date. Individuals with higher urinary tungsten concentrations have double the odds of reported stroke. We hypothesize that the pathological pathway resulting from tungsten exposure may involve oxidative stress.
Abstract.
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Full text.
Pollard AS, Taylor TJ, Fleming LE, Stahl-Timmins W, Depledge MH, Osborne NJ (2013). Mainstreaming carbon management in healthcare systems: a bottom-up modeling approach.
Environ Sci Technol,
47(2), 678-686.
Abstract:
Mainstreaming carbon management in healthcare systems: a bottom-up modeling approach.
Increasing greenhouse gas emissions threaten human health and the environment. In response, healthcare managers face significant challenges in balancing operational decisions about patient care with carbon mitigation targets. We explore a bottom-up modeling framework to aid in the decision-making for both carbon and cost in healthcare, using data from a case study in Cornwall, UK. A model was built and run for secondary healthcare, specifically outpatient clinics, theater lists, beds, and diagnostic facilities. Five scenarios were tested: business-as-usual; service expansion; site closure; water temperature reduction; and theater optimization. The estimated emissions from secondary healthcare in Cornwall ran to 5787 T CO(2)eq with patient travel adding 2215 T CO(2)eq. Closing selected sites would have reduced this by 4% (261 T CO(2)eq), a reduction less than the resulting increases in patient transport emissions. Reducing hot water temperatures by 5 °C and improving theater usage would lower the footprint by 0.7% (44 T CO(2)eq) and 0.08% (5 T CO(2)eq), respectively. We consider bottom-up models important tools in the process of estimating and modeling the carbon footprint of healthcare. For the carbon reduction targets of the healthcare sector to be met, the use of these bottom-up models in decision making and forward planning is pivotal.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Moore MN, Depledge MH, Fleming L, Hess P, Lees D, Leonard P, Madsen L, Owen R, Pirlet H, Seys J, et al (2013). Oceans and Human Health (OHH): a European perspective from the Marine Board of the European Science Foundation (Marine Board-ESF).
Microb Ecol,
65(4), 889-900.
Abstract:
Oceans and Human Health (OHH): a European perspective from the Marine Board of the European Science Foundation (Marine Board-ESF).
The oceans and coastal seas provide mankind with many benefits including food for around a third of the global population, the air that we breathe and our climate system which enables habitation of much of the planet. However, the converse is that generation of natural events (such as hurricanes, severe storms and tsunamis) can have devastating impacts on coastal populations, while pollution of the seas by pathogens and toxic waste can cause illness and death in humans and animals. Harmful effects from biogenic toxins produced by algal blooms (HABs) and from the pathogens associated with microbial pollution are also a health hazard in seafood and from direct contact with water. The overall global burden of human disease caused by sewage pollution of coastal waters has been estimated at 4 million lost person-years annually. Finally, the impacts of all of these issues will be exacerbated by climate change. A holistic systems approach is needed. It must consider whole ecosystems, and their sustainability, such as integrated coastal zone management, is necessary to address the highly interconnected scientific challenges of increased human population pressure, pollution and over-exploitation of food (and other) resources as drivers of adverse ecological, social and economic impacts. There is also an urgent and critical requirement for effective and integrated public health solutions to be developed through the formulation of politically and environmentally meaningful policies. The research community required to address "Oceans & Human Health" in Europe is currently very fragmented, and recognition by policy makers of some of the problems, outlined in the list of challenges above, is limited. Nevertheless, relevant key policy issues for governments worldwide include the reduction of the burden of disease (including the early detection of emerging pathogens and other threats) and improving the quality of the global environment. Failure to effectively address these issues will impact adversely on efforts to alleviate poverty, sustain the availability of environmental goods and services and improve health and social and economic stability; and thus, will impinge on many policy decisions, both nationally and internationally. Knowledge exchange (KE) will be a key element of any ensuing research. KE will facilitate the integration of biological, medical, epidemiological, social and economic disciplines, as well as the emergence of synergies between seemingly unconnected areas of science and socio-economic issues, and will help to leverage knowledge transfer across the European Union (EU) and beyond. An integrated interdisciplinary systems approach is an effective way to bring together the appropriate groups of scientists, social scientists, economists, industry and other stakeholders with the policy formulators in order to address the complexities of interfacial problems in the area of environment and human health. The Marine Board of the European Science Foundation Working Group on "Oceans and Human Health" has been charged with developing a position paper on this topic with a view to identifying the scientific, social and economic challenges and making recommendations to the EU on policy-relevant research and development activities in this arena. This paper includes the background to health-related issues linked to the coastal environment and highlights the main arguments for an ecosystem-based whole systems approach.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Palomino M, Taylor T, McBride G, Mortimer H, Owen R, Depledge M (2013). Optimising Web-Based Information Retrieval Methods for Horizon Scanning Using Relevance Feedback. Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS 2013), 1139-1146.
Phoenix C, Osborne NJ, Redshaw C, Moran R, Stahl-Timmins W, Depledge MH, Fleming LE, Wheeler BW (2013). Paradigmatic approaches to studying environment and human health: (Forgotten) implications for interdisciplinary research.
Environmental Science and Policy,
25, 218-228.
Abstract:
Paradigmatic approaches to studying environment and human health: (Forgotten) implications for interdisciplinary research
Interdisciplinary research is increasingly promoted in a wide range of fields, especially so in
the study of relationships between the environment and human health. However, many
projects and research teams struggle to address exactly how researchers from a multitude of
disciplinary and methodological backgrounds can best work together to maximize the value
of this approach to research. In this paper, we briefly review the role of interdisciplinary
research, and emphasise that it is not only our discipline and methods, but our research
paradigms, that shape the way that we work. We summarise three key research paradigms –
positivism, postpositivism and interpretivism – with an example of how each might
approach a given environment-health research issue. In turn, we argue that understanding
the paradigm from which each researcher operates is fundamental to enabling and optimizing
the integration of research disciplines, now argued by many to be necessary for our
understanding of the complexities of the interconnections between human health and our
environment as well as their impacts in the policy arena. We recognise that a comprehensive
interrogation of research approaches and philosophies would require far greater length
than is available in a journal paper. However, our intention is to instigate debate, recognition,
and appreciation of the different worlds inhabited by the multitude of researchers
involved in this rapidly expanding field.
Abstract.
Phoenix C, Osborne NJ, Redshaw C, Moran R, Stahl-Timmins W, Depledge MH, Fleming LE, Wheeler BW (2013). Paradigmatic approaches to studying environment and human health: (Forgotten) implications for interdisciplinary research.
Environmental Science and Policy,
25, 218-228.
Abstract:
Paradigmatic approaches to studying environment and human health: (Forgotten) implications for interdisciplinary research
Interdisciplinary research is increasingly promoted in a wide range of fields, especially so in the study of relationships between the environment and human health. However, many projects and research teams struggle to address exactly how researchers from a multitude of disciplinary and methodological backgrounds can best work together to maximize the value of this approach to research. In this paper, we briefly review the role of interdisciplinary research, and emphasise that it is not only our discipline and methods, but our research paradigms, that shape the way that we work. We summarise three key research paradigms - positivism, postpositivism and interpretivism - with an example of how each might approach a given environment-health research issue. In turn, we argue that understanding the paradigm from which each researcher operates is fundamental to enabling and optimizing the integration of research disciplines, now argued by many to be necessary for our understanding of the complexities of the interconnections between human health and our environment as well as their impacts in the policy arena. We recognise that a comprehensive interrogation of research approaches and philosophies would require far greater length than is available in a journal paper. However, our intention is to instigate debate, recognition, and appreciation of the different worlds inhabited by the multitude of researchers involved in this rapidly expanding field. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Galgani F, Panti C, Caliani I, Casini S, Fossi MC (2013). Plastic litter in the sea.
Marine Environmental Research,
92, 279-281.
Abstract:
Plastic litter in the sea
On June 2013 a workshop at the University of Siena (Italy) was organized to review current knowledge and to clarify what is known, and what remains to be investigated, concerning plastic litter in the sea. The content of the workshop was designed to contribute further to the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) following an inaugural workshop in 2012. Here we report a number of statements relevant to policymakers and scientists that was overwhelming agreement from the participants. Many might view this as already providing sufficient grounds for policy action. At the very least, this early warning of the problems that lie ahead should be taken seriously, and serve as a stimulus for further research.© 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Galgani F, Panti C, Caliani I, Casini S, Fossi MC (2013). Plastic litter in the sea.
Mar Environ Res,
92, 279-281.
Abstract:
Plastic litter in the sea.
On June 2013 a workshop at the University of Siena (Italy) was organized to review current knowledge and to clarify what is known, and what remains to be investigated, concerning plastic litter in the sea. The content of the workshop was designed to contribute further to the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) following an inaugural workshop in 2012. Here we report a number of statements relevant to policymakers and scientists that was overwhelming agreement from the participants. Many might view this as already providing sufficient grounds for policy action. At the very least, this early warning of the problems that lie ahead should be taken seriously, and serve as a stimulus for further research.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Redshaw CH, Stahl-Timmins WM, Fleming LE, Davidson I, Depledge MH (2013). Potential changes in disease patterns and pharmaceutical use in response to climate change.
J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev,
16(5), 285-320.
Abstract:
Potential changes in disease patterns and pharmaceutical use in response to climate change.
As climate change alters environmental conditions, the incidence and global patterns of human diseases are changing. These modifications to disease profiles and the effects upon human pharmaceutical usage are discussed. Climate-related environmental changes are associated with a rise in the incidence of chronic diseases already prevalent in the Northern Hemisphere, for example, cardiovascular disease and mental illness, leading to greater use of associated heavily used Western medications. Sufferers of respiratory diseases may exhibit exacerbated symptoms due to altered environmental conditions (e.g. pollen). Respiratory, water-borne, and food-borne toxicants and infections, including those that are vector borne, may become more common in Western countries, central and eastern Asia, and across North America. As new disease threats emerge, substantially higher pharmaceutical use appears inevitable, especially of pharmaceuticals not commonly employed at present (e.g. antiprotozoals). The use of medications for the treatment of general symptoms (e.g. analgesics) will also rise. These developments need to be viewed in the context of other major environmental changes (e.g. industrial chemical pollution, biodiversity loss, reduced water and food security) as well as marked shifts in human demographics, including aging of the population. To identify, prevent, mitigate, and adapt to potential threats, one needs to be aware of the major factors underlying changes in the use of pharmaceuticals and their subsequent release, deliberately or unintentionally, into the environment. This review explores the likely consequences of climate change upon the use of medical pharmaceuticals in the Northern Hemisphere.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Full text.
Stahl-Timmins W, White M, Depledge M, Fleming L, Redshaw C (2013). The Pharma Transport Town: Understanding the Routes to Sustainable Pharmaceutical Use.
SCIENCE,
339(6119), 515-515.
Author URL.
White MP, Alcock I, Wheeler BW, Depledge MH (2013). Would you be happier living in a greener urban area? a fixed-effects analysis of panel data.
Psychol Sci,
24(6), 920-928.
Abstract:
Would you be happier living in a greener urban area? a fixed-effects analysis of panel data.
Urbanization is a potential threat to mental health and well-being. Cross-sectional evidence suggests that living closer to urban green spaces, such as parks, is associated with lower mental distress. However, earlier research was unable to control for time-invariant heterogeneity (e.g. personality) and focused on indicators of poor psychological health. The current research advances the field by using panel data from over 10,000 individuals to explore the relation between urban green space and well-being (indexed by ratings of life satisfaction) and between urban green space and mental distress (indexed by General Health Questionnaire scores) for the same people over time. Controlling for individual and regional covariates, we found that, on average, individuals have both lower mental distress and higher well-being when living in urban areas with more green space. Although effects at the individual level were small, the potential cumulative benefit at the community level highlights the importance of policies to protect and promote urban green spaces for well-being.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Sutherland WJ, Aveling R, Bennun L, Chapman E, Clout M, Côté IM, Depledge MH, Dicks LV, Dobson AP, Fellman L, et al (2012). A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2012.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
27(1), 12-18.
Abstract:
A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2012
Our aim in conducting annual horizon scans is to identify issues that, although currently receiving little attention, may be of increasing importance to the conservation of biological diversity in the future. The 15 issues presented here were identified by a diverse team of 22 experts in horizon scanning, and conservation science and its application. Methods for identifying and refining issues were the same as in two previous annual scans and are widely transferable to other disciplines. The issues highlight potential changes in climate, technology and human behaviour. Examples include warming of the deep sea, increased cultivation of perennial grains, burning of Arctic tundra, and the development of nuclear batteries and hydrokinetic in-stream turbines. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Wheeler BW, White M, Stahl-Timmins W, Depledge MH (2012). Does living by the coast improve health and wellbeing?.
Health and Place Full text.
Phoenix C, Osborne NJ, Redshaw C, Moran R, Stahl-Timmins W, Depledge MH, Fleming LE, Wheeler BW (2012). Paradigmatic approaches to studying environment and human health: (Forgotten) implications for interdisciplinary research. Environmental Science and Policy
van den Hove S, McGlade J, Mottet P, Depledge MH (2012). The Innovation Union: a perfect means to confused ends?.
Environmental Science and Policy,
16, 73-80.
Abstract:
The Innovation Union: a perfect means to confused ends?
In this commentary we argue that innovation is a means, not an end in itself. Innovation is only desirable to the extent that it improves human health and well-being and contributes to environmental, social, and economic sustainability. If innovation is merely focussed on bringing more products to markets and delivering economic growth in the short term, as is currently the trend in the European Union and many OECD countries, it is unclear how it differs from the dominant pre-crisis approach which, notwithstanding its positive effects on living standards, led to unsustainable resource use, crippling biodiversity loss, and increasing greenhouse gas emissions. As the future European research, development and innovation policies are being defined, we should not miss an historic opportunity to concentrate on improving human health, well-being and quality of life, and to embark on a more ecologically, socially and economically sustainable path. Given the scale and irreversibility of our damaging effects on the environment and on the well-being of current and future generations, we call for these aspects to be urgently represented in European innovation discourses, policies, and actions. Re-balancing market focussed innovation and socially meaningful and responsible innovation (i.e. innovation with a human purpose) can be achieved by building on a broader concept of innovation which not only includes technological innovation, but also non-technological, social, institutional, organisational and behavioural innovation. We then discuss the importance of curiosity-driven research and of environment and health research as drivers of socially meaningful innovation in all its forms. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Fossi MC, Casini S, Caliani I, Panti C, Marsili L, Viarengo A, Giangreco R, Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Serena F, Ouerghi A, et al (2012). The role of large marine vertebrates in the assessment of the quality of pelagic marine ecosystems. Marine Environmental Research
Fossi MC, Casini S, Caliani I, Panti C, Marsili L, Viarengo A, Giangreco R, Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Serena F, Ouerghi A, et al (2012). The role of large marine vertebrates in the assessment of the quality of pelagic marine ecosystems.
Marine Environmental Research,
77, 156-158.
Abstract:
The role of large marine vertebrates in the assessment of the quality of pelagic marine ecosystems
The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy has been developed and is being implemented, with the objective to deliver "Good Environmental Status" by 2020. A pragmatic way forward has been achieved through the development of 11 "qualitative descriptors". In an attempt to identify gaps in MSFD, regarding the data on large marine vertebrates, the SETAC - Italian Branch organised a workshop in Siena (IT). Particular attention was paid to the qualitative descriptors 8 (contaminants and pollution effects) and 10 (marine litter). The specific remit was to discuss the potential use of large marine vertebrates (from large pelagic fish, sea turtles, sea birds and cetaceans) in determining the environmental status of pelagic marine ecosystems. During the workshop it emerged that large pelagic fish may be especially useful for monitoring short- to medium-term changes in pelagic ecosystems, while cetaceans provided a more integrated view over the long-term. A theme that strongly emerged was the broad recognition that biomarkers offer real potential for the determination of good ecological status detecting the "undesirable biological effects" (indicator for descriptor 8). © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Pearson M, Jones-Hughes T, Whear R, Cooper C, Peters J, Evans EH, Depledge M (2011). Are interventions to reduce the impact of arsenic contamination of groundwater
on human health in developing countries effective?: a systematic review
protocol.
Environmental Evidence Author URL.
Pearson M, Jones-Hughes T, Whear R, Cooper C, Peters J, Evans EH, Depledge M (2011). Are interventions to reduce the impact of arsenic contamination of groundwater on human health in developing countries effective?: a systematic review protocol.
Environmental Evidence,
1, 1-7.
Author URL.
Depledge MH, Stone RJ, Bird WJ (2011). Can natural and virtual environments be used to promote improved human health and wellbeing?.
Environ Sci Technol,
45(11), 4660-4665.
Abstract:
Can natural and virtual environments be used to promote improved human health and wellbeing?
Exposure of individuals to natural environments, such as forests and coastlines, can promote stress reduction and assist in mental recovery following intensive cognitive activities. Settings as simple as hospital window views onto garden-like scenes can also be influential in reducing patients' postoperative recovery periods and analgesic requirements. This paper reviews the evidence supporting the exploitation of these restorative natural environments in future healthcare strategies. The paper also describes early research addressing the development of multisensory, computer-generated restorative environments for the benefit of patients with a variety of psychologically related conditions (including depression, attention deficit disorder, pain, and sleep deficit), who may be unable to access and experience real natural environments, such as those in hospices, military rehabilitation centers, and long-term care facilities. The Table of Contents art is a virtual reconstruction of Wembury Bay, in the southwest of the UK, based on imported Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) to provide the topography and a high-resolution aerial image to provide a template for the location of 3D building and vegetation models, rock features, and pathways. The 3D environment is rendered using the Unity 3 Game Development Tool and includes spatial sound effects (waves, wind, birdsong, etc.), physics-based features (such as early morning sea mist), time-of-day cycles, and real-time weather changes. The Village Church of St. Werburgh can also be seen in this image.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Coon JT, Boddy K, Stein K, Whear R, Barton J, Depledge M (2011). DOES PARTICIPATING IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN OUTDOOR NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS HAVE a GREATER EFFECT ON PHYSICAL AND MENTAL WELLBEING THAN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INDOORS? a SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.
JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH,
65, A38-A38.
Author URL.
DePledge M, Thompson-Coon J, Boddy K, Stein K, Whear R, Barton J (2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity ? a systematic review. Environmental Science and Technology
Thompson Coon J, Boddy K, Stein K, Whear R, Barton J, Depledge MH (2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? a systematic review.
Environ Sci Technol,
45(5), 1761-1772.
Abstract:
Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? a systematic review.
Our objective was to compare the effects on mental and physical wellbeing, health related quality of life and long-term adherence to physical activity, of participation in physical activity in natural environments compared with physical activity indoors. We conducted a systematic review using the following data sources: Medline, Embase, Psychinfo, GreenFILE, SportDISCUS, the Cochrane Library, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Citation Index--Science and BIOSIS from inception to June 2010. Internet searches of relevant Web sites, hand searches of relevant journals, and the reference lists of included papers and other review papers identified in the search were also searched for relevant information. Controlled trials (randomized and nonrandomized) were included. To be eligible trials had to compare the effects of outdoor exercise initiatives with those conducted indoors and report on at least one physical or mental wellbeing outcome in adults or children. Screening of articles for inclusion, data extraction, and quality appraisal were performed by one reviewer and checked by a second with discrepancies resolved by discussion with a third if necessary. Due to the heterogeneity of identified studies a narrative synthesis was performed. Eleven trials (833 adults) were included. Most participants (6 trials; 523 adults) were young students. Study entry criteria and methods were sparsely reported. All interventions consisted of a single episode of walking or running indoors with the same activity at a similar level conducted outdoors on a separate occasion. A total of 13 different outcome measures were used to evaluate the effects of exercise on mental wellbeing, and 4 outcome measures were used to assess attitude to exercise. Most trials (n = 9) showed some improvement in mental wellbeing on one or other of the outcome measures. Compared with exercising indoors, exercising in natural environments was associated with greater feelings of revitalization and positive engagement, decreases in tension, confusion, anger, and depression, and increased energy. However, the results suggested that feelings of calmness may be decreased following outdoor exercise. Participants reported greater enjoyment and satisfaction with outdoor activity and declared a greater intent to repeat the activity at a later date. None of the identified studies measured the effects of physical activity on physical wellbeing or the effect of natural environments on exercise adherence. The hypothesis that there are added beneficial effects to be gained from performing physical activity outdoors in natural environments is very appealing and has generated considerable interest. This review has shown some promising effects on self-reported mental wellbeing immediately following exercise in nature which are not seen following the same exercise indoors. However, the interpretation and extrapolation of these findings is hampered by the poor methodological quality of the available evidence and the heterogeneity of outcome measures employed. The review demonstrates the paucity of high quality evidence on which to base recommendations and reveals an undoubted need for further research in this area. Large, well designed, longer term trials in populations who might benefit most from the potential advantages of outdoor exercise are needed to fully elucidate the effects on mental and physical wellbeing. The influence of these effects on the sustainability of physical activity initiatives also awaits investigation.
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Author URL.
Van Den Hove Median S, McGlade J, Depledge MH (2011). EU innovation must benefit society. Nature, 474(7350).
Sutherland WJ, Bardsley S, Bennun L, Clout M, Côté IM, Depledge MH, Dicks LV, Dobson AP, Fellman L, Fleishman E, et al (2011). Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
26(1), 10-16.
Abstract:
Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011
This review describes outcomes of a 2010 horizon-scanning exercise building upon the first exercise conducted in 2009. The aim of both horizon scans was to identify emerging issues that could have substantial impacts on the conservation of biological diversity, and to do so sufficiently early to encourage policy-relevant, practical research on those issues. Our group included professional horizon scanners and researchers affiliated with universities and non- and inter-governmental organizations, including specialists on topics such as invasive species, wildlife diseases and coral reefs. We identified 15 nascent issues, including new greenhouse gases, genetic techniques to eradicate mosquitoes, milk consumption in Asia and societal pessimism. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Depledge M (2011). Pharmaceuticals: Reduce drug waste in the environment. Nature, 478(7367).
Depledge M (2011). Reduce drug waste in the environment.
NATURE,
478(7367), 36-36.
Author URL.
Sutherland WJ, Clout M, Côté IM, Daszak P, Depledge MH, Fellman L, Fleishman E, Garthwaite R, Gibbons DW, De Lurio J, et al (2010). A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
25(1), 1-7.
Abstract:
A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010
Horizon scanning identifies emerging issues in a given field sufficiently early to conduct research to inform policy and practice. Our group of horizon scanners, including academics and researchers, convened to identify fifteen nascent issues that could affect the conservation of biological diversity. These include the impacts of and potential human responses to climate change, novel biological and digital technologies, novel pollutants and invasive species. We expect to repeat this process and collation annually. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Melzer D, Rice N, Depledge MH, Henley WE, Galloway TS (2010). Association between serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and thyroid disease in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Environ Health Perspect,
118(5), 686-692.
Abstract:
Association between serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and thyroid disease in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
BACKGROUND: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, also known as C8) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are stable compounds with many industrial and consumer uses. Their persistence in the environment plus toxicity in animal models has raised concern over low-level chronic exposure effects on human health. OBJECTIVES: We estimated associations between serum PFOA and PFOS concentrations and thyroid disease prevalence in representative samples of the U.S. general population. METHODS: Analyses of PFOA/PFOS versus disease status in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 1999-2000, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006 included 3,974 adults with measured concentrations for perfluorinated chemicals. Regression models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, body mass index, and alcohol intake. RESULTS: the NHANES-weighted prevalence of reporting any thyroid disease was 16.18% (n = 292) in women and 3.06% (n = 69) in men; prevalence of current thyroid disease with related medication was 9.89% (n = 163) in women and 1.88% (n = 46) in men. In fully adjusted logistic models, women with PFOA >or= 5.7 ng/mL [fourth (highest) population quartile] were more likely to report current treated thyroid disease [odds ratio (OR) = 2.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.38-3.65; p = 0.002] compared with PFOA or= 36.8 ng/mL (quartile 4) versus
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White M, Smith A, Humphryes K, Pahl S, Snelling D, Depledge M (2010). Blue space: the importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes.
Journal of Environmental Psychology,
30(4), 482-493.
Abstract:
Blue space: the importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes
Although theorists have suggested that aquatic environments or "blue space" might have particular restorative potential, to date there is little systematic empirical research on this issue. Indeed the presence of water has, unintentionally, been a confounding factor in research comparing people's reactions to built and natural environments. Whereas aquatic features (rivers, lakes, coasts) are frequently present in visual stimuli representing natural environments they are rarely incorporated in stimuli portraying built environments. As many towns are, for good reason, located near water this is a potentially significant oversight. The current research collated a set of 120 photographs of natural and built scenes, half of which contained "aquatic" elements. Proportions of "aquatic"/"green"/"built" environments in each scene (e.g. 1/3rd, 2/3rds) were also standardised. Two studies investigated preferences (attractiveness, willingness to visit and willingness to pay for a hotel room with the view), affect and perceived restorativeness ratings for these photographs. As predicted, both natural and built scenes containing water were associated with higher preferences, greater positive affect and higher perceived restorativeness than those without water. Effect sizes were consistently large. Intriguingly, images of "built" environments containing water were generally rated just as positively as natural "green" space. We propose a number of avenues for further research including exploration of the mechanisms underlying these effects. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Godard-Codding CAJ, Bowen RE (2010). Light pollution in the sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(9), 1383-1385.
Owen R, Baxter D, Maynard T, Depledge M (2009). Beyond regulation: Risk pricing and responsible innovation. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(18), 6902-6906.
Depledge MH (2009). Novel approaches and technologies in pollution assessment and monitoring: a UK. perspective. Ocean & Coastal Management 52, 52, 336-341.
Depledge MH, Bird WJ (2009). The Blue Gym: Health and wellbeing from our coasts.
Marine Pollution Bulletin,
58(7), 947-948.
Abstract:
The Blue Gym: Health and wellbeing from our coasts
Coastal areas have always attracted humans. Whether permanent residents or visitors, the presence of the sea motivates outdoor activity and enhances wellbeing. It reminds us of our intimate relationship with natural ecosystems. The Blue Gym programme attempts to not only encourage physical activity and time spent outdoors to help improve health and wellbeing, but also to make people aware of the value of the marine environment. It has the potential to increase understanding of our coasts, allows us to view threats in an appropriate context, and also generates support for preserving the richness and beauty of our seas and oceans. We neglect these human health aspects of our coasts at our peril. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Depledge MH (2009). The Influence of Nutritional State on the Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology of the Shore Crab, Carcinus Maenas.
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,
65(1), 69-78.
Abstract:
The Influence of Nutritional State on the Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology of the Shore Crab, Carcinus Maenas
The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood of decapod crustaceans fluctuates widely. Salinity stress results in doubling of haemocyanin concentration within 24–48 h in Carcinus maenas (Boone & Schoeffeniels, 1979) while in the lobster, Homarus gammarus respiratory pigment levels are very low prior to and following moulting (Spoek, 1974). In general, however, the most important factor regulating haemocyanin concentration is nutritional state. Following starvation low values are recorded (Wieser, 1965; Uglow, 1969; Djangmah, 1970) and there are concomitant reductions in ventilation, oxygen consumption and cardiac output (Ansell, 1973; Marsden, Newell & Ahsanullah, 1973; Wallace, 1973). The interrelationships between these events are poorly understood.
Abstract.
Galloway, T.S. Scarlett, A. Henley, W. (2008). Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults (accompanying editorial JAMA. 2008;300(11):1353-1355.pp).
Journal of the American Medical Association,
300, 1303-1310.
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Owen R, Galloway TS, Hagger JA, Jones MB, Depledge MH (2008). Biomarkers and environmental risk assessment: guiding principles from the human health field.
Mar Pollut Bull,
56(4), 613-619.
Abstract:
Biomarkers and environmental risk assessment: guiding principles from the human health field.
Although the potential use of biomarkers within environmental risk assessment (ERA) has long been recognised their routine use is less advanced compared with clinical human health risk assessment, where a number of familiar biomarkers (such as blood pressure and serum cholesterol) are in common usage. We have examined how biomarkers are incorporated into human health risk assessment and have identified several 'required elements'. These include identification of the (clinical) assessment endpoint at the outset, rational selection of the biomarker(s) (the measurement endpoint), biomarker 'validation' (e.g. QA/QC) and biomarker 'qualification' (evidence linking the measurement and assessment endpoints). We discuss these elements in detail and propose that their adoption will facilitate the routine use of biomarkers in environmental risk assessment. Furthermore, our analysis highlights the need for cooperation between those working with biomarkers within human and environmental risk assessment to exchange best practice between common disciplines for mutual advantage.
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Author URL.
Depledge MH, Carlarne CP (2008). Environmental rights and wrongs. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(4), 990-994.
Francioni E, de A, Scofield AL, Depledge MH, Cavalier B (2007). Evaluation of the mussel Perna perna as a biomonitor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and effects.
Marine Pollution Bulletin,
54(3), 329-338.
Abstract:
Evaluation of the mussel Perna perna as a biomonitor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and effects
The mussel Perna perna was used to monitor and assess areas suspected of oil contamination by transplanting animals from unimpacted to impacted sites and vice versa. The deployment lasted for three months during which total PAH were measured in seawater samples collected every 15 days. PAH concentrations were determined in mussel tissue monthly. The lysosomal neutral red assay and the condition index were used as biomarkers of the adverse biological effects. The PAH concentration in mussels at unimpacted sites, prior to deployment was ca. 100 μg kg-1 but increased to 300 μg kg-1 after three months at the contaminated site. Mussels transplanted to the uncontaminated site showed a decrease from 380 to 80 μg kg-1. Significant changes in lysosomal stability occurred within one month of the beginning of the transposition; in contrast condition indexes were not correlated with the observed changes in PAH concentration. © 2006.
Abstract.
Francioni E, Wagener AD, Scofield AL, Depledge MH, Cavalier B (2007). Evaluation of the mussel Perna perna as a biomonitor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and effects. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54(3), 329-338.
Francioni E, Wagener AD, Scofield AD, Depledge MH, Cavalier B, Sette CB, Carvalhosa L, Lozinsky C, Mariath R (2007). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in inter-tidal mussel Perna perna: Space-time observations, source investigation and genotoxicity. Science of the Total Environment, 372(2-3), 515-531.
Francioni E, Wagener ADLR, Scofield ADL, Depledge MH, Cavalier B, Sette CB, Carvalhosa L, Lozinsky C, Mariath R (2007). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in inter-tidal mussel Perna perna: Space-time observations, source investigation and genotoxicity.
Science of the Total Environment,
372(2-3), 515-531.
Abstract:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in inter-tidal mussel Perna perna: Space-time observations, source investigation and genotoxicity
The investigation aimed primarily at understanding the PAH record in inter-tidal mussel tissues and evaluating the bivalve performance as a bioindicator for oil contamination. The species Perna perna was used as test organism since it is abundantly distributed in coastal areas of the Americas, Africa and elsewhere. The study was carried out in Guanabara Bay and comprised two observation phases: phase one included seasonal sampling in 8 sites, whereas in phase two 4 sites were examined over 4 years. Among the 35 determined PAH (60-90 μg kg- 1 up to 4000-6000 μg kg- 1) alkylated homologues predominated by more than 80%. The PAH profile in inter-tidal mussels is largely petrogenic with high contribution of dibenzothiophenes (DBT) and phenanthrenes (Ph). The prevailing petrogenic fingerprint, confirmed by diagnostic ratios, is linked to the properties of the inter-tidal habitat, which favors exposure to oil films. C2DBT/C2Ph and C3DBT/C3Ph ratios, however, show a wide range of values uncorrelated to specific oils. Micronucleus frequencies are significantly related to PAH concentrations, especially to those of alkylated homologues. Genotoxic expression appears at concentrations as low as 300 μg kg- 1 ∑ 35 PAH. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Carlarne C, Depledge MH (2007). Sick of the weather: climate change, biodiversity and human health. Environmental Law Review, 9, 231-240.
Fillmann G, Bicego MC, Zamboni A, Fileman TW, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2007). Validation of immunoassay methods to determine hydrocarbon contamination a in estuarine Sediments. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 18(4), 774-781.
Fillmann G, Bicego MC, Zamboni A, Fileman TW, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2007). Validation of immunoassay methods to determine hydrocarbon contamination in estuarine sediments.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society,
18(4), 774-781.
Abstract:
Validation of immunoassay methods to determine hydrocarbon contamination in estuarine sediments
The performance of two commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (with antibodies attached to magnetic particles) for quantification of hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments is described. The BTEX RaPID Assay® was employed to analyse aliphatic and small aromatic hydrocarbons whilst the c-PAH RaPID Assay® was used to analyse the carcinogenic (≥ 4 aromatic rings) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Results were validated by comparison with analyses by gas chromatography (GC)- Flame Ionisation Detection (FID) (with GC-MS confirmation). Correlations between the techniques were good with r2 values ranging between 0.68 and 0.97. Disparity between immunoassay and GC techniques were related to differences in the relative compositions of the complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, which alter ELISA responses. Overall, results from the ELISA techniques are shown to compare well with those obtained by GC, confirming ELISA as a useful screening protocol to focus use of the more expensive and time consuming high resolution analytical techniques. ©2007 Sociedade Brasileira de Química.
Abstract.
Cheung VV, Simpson P, Knight AW, Cahill PA, Charles AK, Depledge MH, Owen R, Galloway TS (2006). A comparison of prokaryotic, eukaryotic, cytogenetic and direct toxicity assays to evaluate the toxicity of industrial effluents.
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH,
62, S307-S308.
Author URL.
Cheung VV, Depledge MH, Jha AN (2006). An evaluation of the relative sensitivity of two marine bivalve mollusc species using the Comet assay.
Mar Environ Res,
62 Suppl, S301-S305.
Abstract:
An evaluation of the relative sensitivity of two marine bivalve mollusc species using the Comet assay.
The aim of this study was to (a) evaluate the potential for the 'Comet assay' to be used as a method for detecting genetic damage in the common cockle Cerastoderma edule; and (b) to compare the relative sensitivity with Mytilus edulis as the bivalve widely used as a sentinel species in biomonitoring studies. In vitro validation studies were carried out on haemocytes from each species using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a known oxidant and the induced DNA damage was measured using the Comet assay. On exposure to 0, 100, 500 and 1000 microM H2O2, a significant concentration-dependent increase was observed in both species. Use of an additional concentration of 5000 microM H2O2 showed that while DNA damage could be assessed in M. edulis at this concentration, only a few cells from C. edule were amenable to measurements owing to extensive DNA damage ("hedgehog cells"). The evidence also suggested that the cells from C. edule are more sensitive to oxidative damage induced by H2O2 when compared with M. edulis. Bearing in mind that sediments are the ultimate sink for many contaminants, this study demonstrates the potential application of sediment-dwelling C. edule as a useful biomonitoring species.
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Jha, A. Owen, R. Depledge, M.H. (2006). Development of the in vivo chromosome aberration assay in oyster (<em>Crassostrea gigas</em>) embryo-larvae for genotoxicity assessment. Marine Environmental Research, 62, S278-282.
Cheung VV, Jha A, Owen R, Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2006). Development of the in vivo chromosome aberration assay in oyster (Crassostrea gigas) embryo-larvae for genotoxicity assessment. Marine Environmental Research, 62, S278-S282.
Dietrich DR, O'Brien E, Hoffmann S, Balaguer P, Nicolas JC, Seinen W, Depledge M (2006). Effects of BPA in snails. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(6), A340-A341.
Dietrich DR, O'Brien E, Hoffmann S, Balaguer P, Nicolas JC, Seinen W, Depledge M (2006). Effects of BPA in snails [5]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(6).
tsgallo1, Hagger JA, Liney KE, Tyler CR (2006). Health effects in fish of long-term exposure to effluents from wastewater treatment works.
Environmental Health Perspectives,
114(S1), 81-89.
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Liney KE, Hagger JA, Tyler CR, Depledge MH, Galloway TS, Jobling S (2006). Health effects in fish of long-term exposure to effluents from wastewater treatment works. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 81-89.
Liney K, Hagger JA, Tyler C, Depledge M, Galloway TS, Jobling S (2006). Health implications of developmental exposure of roach (Rutilus rutilus) to treated sewage effluents. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, S1, 81-89.
Hagger JA, Depledge MH, Oehlmann J, Jobling S, Galloway TS (2006). Is there a causal association between genotoxicity and the imposex effect?. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 20-26.
DePledge M, Hagger J, Jobling S, Oehlmann J (2006). Is there a causal association between genotoxicity and the imposex effect?.
Environmental Health Perspectives,
114, 20-26.
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Galloway TS, Brown RJ, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Lowe D, Depledge MH, Jones MB (2006). The ECOMAN project: a novel approach to defining sustainable ecosystem function. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 53(1-4), 186-194.
Brown, R.J. Dissanayake, A. Browne, M.A. (2006). The ECOMAN project: a novel approach to sustainable ecosystem function. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 53, 186-194.
Bowen RE, Halvorson H, Depledge MH (2006). The oceans and human health. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 53(10-12), 541-544.
Bowen RE, Halvorson H, Depledge MH (2006). The oceans and human health. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 53(10-12), 541-544.
Owen R, Mitchelmore C, Woodley C, Trapido-Rosenthal H, Galloway T, Depledge M, Readman J, Buxton L, Sarkiss S, Jones R, et al (2005). A common sense approach for confronting coral reef decline associated with human activitites. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51, 481-485.
Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2005). Healthy animals, healthy ecosystems.
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,
3(5), 251-258.
Abstract:
Healthy animals, healthy ecosystems
The survival of humans as a species is intimately linked to the well-being of ecosystems and the resources they provide. The well-being of ecosystems depends, in turn, on minimizing the damaging impacts of human activities. Irrespective of the kinds of habitats we choose to protect or restore, we need to understand how ecosystems, and the organisms that inhabit them, respond to chemicals and radiation exposure. Recent technological advances in molecular biology and analytical science have allowed the development of rapid, robust, and sensitive diagnostic tests (biomarkers) that can be used to monitor exposure to, and the effects of, pollution. For the first time, we are able to make health assessments of individual organisms in much the same way that we evaluate human health. Here, we discuss how to best use this capability to ensure that pollution does not threaten the sustainability of our ecosystems and cause adverse effects in human and wildlife populations. © the Ecological Society of America.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2005). Healthy animals, healthy ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(5), 251-258.
Sanders MB, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH, Clare AS (2005). Larval development and vitellin-like protein expression in Palaemon elegans larvae following xeno-oestrogen exposure. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45(1), 51-60.
Martins LKP, Nascimento IA, Fillmann G, King R, Evangelista AJA, Readman JW, Depledge MH (2005). Lysosomal responses as a diagnostic tool for the detection of chronic petroleum pollution at Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil.
Environmental Research,
99(3), 387-396.
Abstract:
Lysosomal responses as a diagnostic tool for the detection of chronic petroleum pollution at Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil
Coastal marine environments, especially semienclosed systems such as bays, are under unrelenting stress caused by urban and industrial development. Biomonitoring plays a vital role in strategies to identify, assess, and control stressors. However, due to the magnitude of the challenge there is a demand for new and innovative approaches to provide timely and accessible information to environmental managers and policy makers. The present work aimed to assess hydrocarbon levels in sediments from petroleum-related industrial areas at Todos os Santos Bay (Brazil) and associate them to toxicity-induced responses (neutral red retention (NRR) assay) by the burrowing clam Anomalocardia brasiliana. Surface sediments collected during the dry and rainy seasons were analyzed for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. At the control site, hydrocarbon levels were low and mainly biogenic. The aliphatic hydrocarbon ("total unresolved complex mixture," alkanes, and isoprenoids) concentrations indicated a chronic situation with very little "fresh" oil contamination at the oil-related sites. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons indicated sites moderately contaminated by chronic oil and some pyrolytic input. The effects of those contaminants were assessed by the lysosomal NRR assay applied to A. brasiliana hemocytes. Sediment toxicity at the oil-related sites was evidenced by the lowered capacity of the lysosomes to retain the neutral red dye compared to results from the control site. This research indicates that the NRR assay is a useful and efficient screening technique able to discriminate polluted from clean sites. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Martins LKP, Nascimento IA, Fillmann G, King R, Evangelista AJA, Readman JW, Depledge MH (2005). Lysosomal responses as a diagnostic tool for the detection of chronic petroleum pollution at Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil. Environmental Research, 99(3), 387-396.
Owen R, Depledge MH (2005). Nanotechnology and the Environment: Risks and rewards. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 609-612.
Owen R, Depledge M (2005). Nanotechnology and the environment: Risks and rewards. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(6), 609-612.
De Souza Abessa DM, Zaroni LP, De Sousa ECPM, Gasparro MR, Pereira CDS, De Figueredo Rachid BR, Depledge M, King RS (2005). Physiological and cellular responses in two populations of the mussel Perna perna collected at different sites from the Coast of São Paulo, Brazil.
Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,
48(2), 217-225.
Abstract:
Physiological and cellular responses in two populations of the mussel Perna perna collected at different sites from the Coast of São Paulo, Brazil
The physiological conditions of mussels from Ubatuba and Santos and also of organisms transplanted from Ubatuba to Santos were studied by using different techniques. Assays for lysosomal stability were conducted on the haemolymph. Heart rate activity was monitored for 6h. The embryonic development of larvae obtained from the collected mussels was analysed. For all the compared groups of mussels, no significant differences were observed for the cardiac activity monitoring and the embryonic bioassays. The mean Neutral Red (NR) retention time was similar for the animals from Santos and Ubatuba, whereas the organisms transplanted to Santos showed a reduction in the retention time of the dye, indicating damage in the lysosomal membranes. These differences were possibly due to environmental factors, but further investigations are required to confirm this hypothesis.
Abstract.
Abessa DMD, Zaroni LP, de Sousa ECPM, Gasparro MR, Pereira CDS, Rachid BRD, Depledge M, King RS (2005). Physiological and cellular responses in two populations of the mussel Perna perna collected at different sites from the coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 48(2), 217-225.
Camus L, Gulliksen B, Depledge MH, Jones MB (2005). Polar bivalves are characterized by high antioxidant defences.
Polar Research,
24(1-2), 111-118.
Abstract:
Polar bivalves are characterized by high antioxidant defences
Inevitably, aerobic life leads to the formation of deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS) which participate in biomolecule oxidation, hence augmenting biomolecule turnover. Organisms have adapted to counteract the noxious effects of ROS by developing a battery of antioxidant defences (AOX) which comprise enzymes and low-molecular weight scavengers. Past studies have reported elevated AOX levels in polar pectinid bivalves compared with temperate congeners. This finding is controversial as mitochondrial ROS generation is low in polar versus temperate species, and, to date, there is no generally accepted explanation of the causes of increased basal AOX levels in polar waters. We suggest that the low food availability in those ecosystems may result in polar marine ectotherms diverting some energy into the maintenance of high AOX. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (peroxyl, hydroxyl and peroxynitrite) of three clam species: Laternula elliptica (Antarctic), Mya truncata (Arctic) and Mya arenaria (temperate). The data confirmed that polar bivalves are characterized by higher AOX. Herein, we propose that high AOX is required in environments characterized by low food availability as AOX efficiently protects biomolecules, notably the RNA expressed at high levels by cold-water ectotherms. Also, high AOX may explain the relatively long lifespan of most polar ectotherms.
Abstract.
Camus L, Gulliksen B, Depledge MH, Jones MB (2005). Polar bivalves are characterized by high antioxidant defences. Polar Research, 24(1-2), 111-118.
Naylor J, Depledge M (2005). Science, strategy and the agency. Tce(764), 17-17.
Hagger JA, Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2005). Toxicity of tributyltin in the marine mollusc Mytilus edulis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51(8-12), 811-816.
Hagger JA, Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2005). Toxicity of tributyltin in the marine mollusc Mytilus edulis.
Mar Pollut Bull,
51(8-12), 811-816.
Abstract:
Toxicity of tributyltin in the marine mollusc Mytilus edulis.
Our previous studies have demonstrated that tributyltin (TBT) is genotoxic to the early life stages of marine mussels and worms. Here, the toxicity of TBT to adult organisms was determined using a suite of biomarkers designed to detect cytotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic effects. Exposure of adult mussels, Mytilus edulis, to environmentally realistic concentrations of TBTO for 7 days resulted in a statistically significant decrease in cell viability at concentrations of 0.5 microg/l and above. TBT had no effect on phagocytic activity or antioxidant capacity (FRAP assay). There was a statistically significant increase in DNA damage detected using the comet and micronucleus assays between the controls and 0.5, 1 and 5 microg/l of TBTO (P > 0.0005). Furthermore there was a strong correlation between DNA strand breaks (comet assay) and formation of micronuclei (P = 0.0005; R2 = 61.5%). Possible mechanisms by which TBT could damage DNA either directly or indirectly are discussed including the possibility that TBT is genotoxic due to its ability to disrupt calcium homeostasis.
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Author URL.
Ford T, Jay J, Patel A, Kile M, Prommasith P, Galloway T, Sanger R, Smith K, Depledge M (2005). Use of ecotoxicological tools to evaluate the health of New Bedford Harbor sediments: a microbial biomarker approach. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(2), 186-191.
DePledge M, Ford T, Jay J, Patel A (2005). Use of ecotoxicological tools to evaluate the health of New Bedford Harbour sediments: a microbial biomarker approach. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 186-191.
Galloway TS, Brown RJ, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Lowe D, Jones MB, Depledge MH (2004). A multibiomarker approach to environmental assessment.
Environ Sci Technol,
38(6), 1723-1731.
Abstract:
A multibiomarker approach to environmental assessment.
Incorporation of ecologically relevant biomarkers into routine environmental management programs has been advocated as a pragmatic means of linking environmental degradation with its causes. Here, suites of biomarkers, devised to measure molecular damage, developmental abnormality and physiological impairment, were combined with chemical analysis to determine exposure to and the effects of pollution at sites within Southampton Water (UK). Test species included a filter feeder, a grazer, and an omnivore to determine the sensitivity of organisms occupying different trophic levels. Linear regression confirmed a significant association between incidence of intersex in Littorina littorea and tributyltin (TBT) concentrations (R2 = 0.954) and between PAH metabolites in Carcinus maenas urine and PAHs in sediments (R2 = 0.754). Principal component analysis revealed a gradient of detrimental impact to biota from the head to the mouth of the estuary, coincident with high sediment concentrations of heavy metals, PAHs, and biocides. Multidimensional scaling identified C. maenas as the organism most sensitive to contamination. Carboxylesterase activity, metallothionein and total haemolymph protein were the most discriminating biomarkers among sites. This holistic approach to environmental assessment is encouraged as it helps to identify the integrated impact of chemical contamination on organisms and to provide a realistic measure of environmental quality.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Moore MN, Depledge MH, Readman JW, Paul Leonard DR (2004). An integrated biomarker-based strategy for ecotoxicological evaluation of risk in environmental management.
Mutat Res,
552(1-2), 247-268.
Abstract:
An integrated biomarker-based strategy for ecotoxicological evaluation of risk in environmental management.
Environmental impacts by both natural events and man-made interventions are a fact of life; and developing the capacity to minimise these impacts and their harmful consequences for biological resources, ecosystems and human health is a daunting task for environmental legislators and regulators. A major challenge in impact and risk assessment, as part of integrated environmental management (IEM), is to link harmful effects of pollution (including toxic chemicals) in individual sentinel animals to their ecological consequences. This obstacle has resulted in a knowledge-gap for those seeking to develop effective policies for sustainable use of resources and environmental protection. Part of the solution to this problem may lie with the use of diagnostic clinical-type laboratory-based ecotoxicological tests or biomarkers, utilising sentinel animals as integrators of pollution, coupled with direct immunochemical tests for contaminants. These rapid and cost-effective ecotoxicological tools can provide information on the health status of individuals and populations based on relatively small samples of individuals. In the context of ecosystem status or health of the environment, biomarkers are also being used to link processes of molecular and cellular damage through to higher levels (i.e. prognostic capability), where they can result in pathology with reduced physiological performance and reproductive success. Complex issues are involved in evaluating environmental risk, such as the effects of the physico-chemical environment on the speciation and uptake of pollutant chemicals and inherent inter-individual and inter-species differences in vulnerability to toxicity; and the toxicity of complex mixtures. Effectively linking the impact of pollutants through the various hierarchical levels of biological organisation to ecosystem and human health requires a pragmatic integrated approach based on existing information that either links or correlates processes of pollutant uptake, detoxication and pathology with each other and higher level effects. It is further proposed here that this process will be facilitated by pursuing a holistic or whole systems approach with the development of computational simulation models of cells, organs and animals in tandem with empirical data (i.e. the middle-out approach). In conclusion, an effective integrated environmental management strategy to secure resource sustainability requires an integrated capability for risk assessment and prediction. Furthermore, if such a strategy is to influence and help in the formulation of environmental policy decisions, then it is crucial to demonstrate scientific robustness of predictions concerning the long-term consequences of pollution to politicians, industrialists and environmental managers; and also increase stakeholder awareness of environmental problems.
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Author URL.
Anderson, O.K. Depledge, M.H. Galloway, T.S. (2004). Detecting a field gradient of PAH exposure in decapod crustacea using a novel urinary biomarker. , 58, 257-261.
Watson GM, Andersen OK, Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2004). Detecting a field gradient of PAH exposure in decapod crustacea using a novel urinary biomarker. Marine Environmental Research, 58(2-5), 257-261.
Brown RJ, Galloway TS, Lowe D, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Jones MB, Depledge MH (2004). Differential sensitivity of three marine invertebrates to copper assessed using multiple biomarkers.
Aquat Toxicol,
66(3), 267-278.
Abstract:
Differential sensitivity of three marine invertebrates to copper assessed using multiple biomarkers.
Understanding how biomarkers relate to each other on exposure to particular contaminants in different species is key to their widespread application in environmental management. However, few studies have systematically used multiple biomarkers in more than a single species to determine the variability of sublethal effects of a particular contaminant. In this study, three marine invertebrates, the shore crab Carcinus maenas, the common limpet Patella vulgata and the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, were exposed over 7 days in the laboratory to environmentally realistic concentrations of the priority pollutant copper. A combination of molecular, cellular and physiological biomarkers was measured in each organism to detect the toxic effects of copper. Biomarkers included lysosomal stability (neutral red retention), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase activity), metabolic impairment (total haemolymph protein), physiological status (heart rate) and induction of protective metallothionein proteins. P. vulgata was the most sensitive to copper with significant effects measured in all biomarkers at concentrations of 6.1 microg Cu l(-1). In C. maenas, cellular and neurotoxic endpoints were affected significantly only at 68.1 microg Cu l(-1). Exposure to copper also induced metallothionein production in crabs. Over a 7-day exposure period, M. edulis was the most tolerant species to copper with significant effects being observed at the cellular level only at 68.1 microg Cu l(-1). In all three species, cellular and neurotoxic pathways were more sensitive to disruption than physiological processes (protein and heart rate). Results illustrate how a suite of biomarkers applied to different sentinel species can provide a 'diagnosis of stress', whereby, effects at the molecular level can be used to interpret the level of physiological impairment of the organism.
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Author URL.
Galloway TS, Brown RJ, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Lowe D, Jones MB, Depledge MH (2004). Ecosystem management bioindicators: the ECOMAN project - a multi-biomarker approach to ecosystem management. Marine Environmental Research, 58(2-5), 233-237.
Aguzzi J, Abelló P, Depledge MH (2004). Endogenous cardiac acitivity rhythms of continental slope Nephrops norvegicus (Decapoda: Nephropidae).
Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology,
37(1), 55-64.
Abstract:
Endogenous cardiac acitivity rhythms of continental slope Nephrops norvegicus (Decapoda: Nephropidae)
The endogenous cardiac activity rhythm of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus was studied under constant conditions of darkness by means of a computer-aided monitoring system (CAPMON). Time series recordings of the heart rate (beats min-1) were obtained from 47 adult males freshly collected from the continental slope (400-430m) in the western Mediterranean. Periodogram analysis revealed the occurrence of circadian periodicity (of around 24h) in most cases. A large percentage of animals showed significant ultradian periods (of around 12 and 18h). The analysis of the circadian time series revealed the occurrence of peaks of heart rate activity during the expected night phase of the cycle. These results are discussed in relation to the emergence and locomotor activity rhythms of the species. © 2004 Taylor and Francis Ltd.
Abstract.
Aguzzi J, Abello P, Depledge MH (2004). Endogenous cardiac activity rhythms of continental slope Nephrops norvegicus (Decapoda : Nephropidae). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 37(1), 55-64.
Galloway, T.S. Browne, M.A. Dissanayake, A. (2004). Evaluation of toxicity in tribuitaries of the Mersey estuary using the isopod <em>Asellus aquaticus</em>. Marine Environmental Research, 58, 327-331.
O'Neill AJ, Galloway TS, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Depledge MH (2004). Evaluation of toxicity in tributaries of the Mersey estuary using the isopod Asellus aquaticus (L.). Marine Environmental Research, 58(2-5), 327-331.
Mankasingh U, Worsfold P, Galloway TS, Depledge M (2004). Integrating ecotoxicology and analytical chemistry for the assessment of water quality. Comp. Biochem. Physiol
Watson GM, Andersen OK, Galloway TS, Depledge MH (2004). Rapid assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in decapod crustaceans by fluorimetric analysis of urine and haemolymph. Aquatic Toxicology, 67(2), 127-142.
Watson GM, Andersen O-K, Galloway TS, Depledge MH (2004). Rapid assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in decapod crustaceans by fluorimetric analysis of urine and haemolymph.
Aquat Toxicol,
67(2), 127-142.
Abstract:
Rapid assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in decapod crustaceans by fluorimetric analysis of urine and haemolymph.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous and potentially harmful contaminants of the coastal and marine environment. Studies of their bioavailability, disposition and metabolism in marine organisms are therefore important for environmental monitoring purposes. Detecting PAH compounds in the biological fluids of marine organisms provides a measure of their environmental exposure to PAHs. In the present study, the shore crab Carcinus maenas was exposed to waterborne pyrene for 48h. Urine and haemolymph samples were analysed by direct fluorimetry utilising both fixed wavelength (FF) and synchronous scanning fluorescence (SFS) techniques. Samples from exposed crabs exhibited fluorescence due to 1-OH pyrene equivalents, whilst samples from control crabs did not. Levels of equivalents were exposure dependent. Urine was shown to be a more suitable medium for the analysis of PAH equivalents. In a separate experiment, depuration of pyrene equivalents in urine was monitored over time. Urinary levels reached a maximum 2-4 days after initial exposure and decreased steadily thereafter. No unchanged parent pyrene was detected in samples from exposed crabs. While fluorimetric techniques could discriminate between 1-OH pyrene equivalents and parent pyrene, identification of specific metabolites was only possible with HPLC/F analysis. This revealed crabs had bio-transformed pyrene into 3 major conjugates of 1-OH pyrene, which were excreted in the urine. While such biotransformation of PAH is well documented in fish and several crustaceans, this is the first study to use direct fluorimetry to detect PAH equivalents in exposed crustacean urine. Fluorimetric results correlated well with those obtained by HPLC/F and ELISA techniques. The technique has great potential as a rapid, inexpensive and non-destructive technique for field biomonitoring of PAH exposure in crustaceans.
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Author URL.
Rewitz K, Styrishave B, Depledge MH, Andersen O (2004). Spatial and temporal distribution of shore crabs Carcinus maenas in a small tidal estuary (Looe Estuary, Cornwall, England). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 24(1), 178-187.
Rewitz K, Styrishave B, Depledge MH, Andersen O (2004). Spatial and temporal distribution of shore crabs Carcinus maenas in a small tidal estuary (Looe Estuary, Cornwall, England).
Journal of Crustacean Biology,
24(1), 178-187.
Abstract:
Spatial and temporal distribution of shore crabs Carcinus maenas in a small tidal estuary (Looe Estuary, Cornwall, England)
Tidal, diel, and spatial variations in numbers, sex, size, and colour morphology of shore crabs Carcinus maenas caught in baited drop nets during tidal periods, at neap tide and spring tide, were studied in the strongly tidal Looe Estuary, Cornwall, Southwest England. Depth, salinity, temperature, pH, and oxygen tensions were measured simultaneously. High numbers of both genders were caught in the estuary. In total, 61% of adult crabs caught were females. However, the sex ratio (males over females) in the catches significantly increased (P < 0.05) from approximately 0.2 at the station nearest to the mouth of the estuary to approximately 4 at the innermost station. Due to the well-established relationship between carapace colouration and intermoult duration, catches were analysed with regard to red and green colour forms, besides for sex and size. Green crabs were caught throughout the estuary and constituted 79% of total catches. Green males dominated the shallow stations, whereas green females dominated the deep stations. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) was related to tidal and diel phases, with most adult crabs being caught during high tide and only few during low tide. Also, more adult crabs were caught during night time than during day time. The CPUE increased with increasing depth, and crabs were never caught at salinities below 15‰ and rarely at salinities below 20‰. Oxygen tension, temperature, and pH exerted no effect on the distribution of shore crabs. Even though conclusions based on these data depend on whether catchdata analysis reflects true population abundances, sex ratios, and colour morphology compositions, the data suggest that the small size, strong current, and high salinity characteristics of the Looe Estuary allow both genders and colour forms to migrate into the estuary during high tide and to return to the shore before low tide, thereby exploiting a marginal feeding habitat.
Abstract.
Galloway, T.S. Lowe, D. Dissanayake, A. (2004). The differential sensitivity of three invertebrates to copper assessed using biomarkers. Aquatic Toxicology, 66, 267-278.
Fillmann G, Watson GM, Howsam M, Francioni E, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2004). Urinary PAH Metabolites as Biomarkers of Exposure in Aquatic Environments.
Environmental Science and Technology,
38(9), 2649-2656.
Abstract:
Urinary PAH Metabolites as Biomarkers of Exposure in Aquatic Environments
While immunoassays have been extensively applied to evaluate environmental contamination, to date they have rarely been used for the analysis of biological fluids outside of human medicine. These media are important because pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their metabolites become concentrated in tissues, body fluids, and excreta, thereby offering a measure of exposure to biologically available contaminants. Such analyses also provide a nondestructive tool for monitoring exposure. Crabs (Carcinus maenas) were exposed to phenanthrene and pyrene (separately) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 200 μg L-1. After 48 h, urine samples were taken and analyzed by immunoassay and UV-fluorescence spectrophotometry. Urinary levels (calibrated against hydroxylated metabolites) proved to be dose dependent for both compounds, and good agreementwas demonstrated between the immunoassay and the fluorescence techniques. The cross reactivity of the immunochemical technique (ELISA) for pyrene and hydroxy-metabolites was lower than for phenanthrene. HPLC analyses demonstrated that urine from the crabs exposed to pyrene contained mainly conjugate PAH metabolites whose concentrations (the sum of the four main pyrene metabolites/conjugates) showed very good agreement with the ELISA (r 2 > 0.94) and fluorescence (r2 > 0.91) data. Environmental samples were also analyzed by ELISA and UV-fluorescence, and both techniques detected PAH (mainly petrogenic) contamination in the urine samples from a polluted harbor. These data demonstrate the potential of urine analyses by ELISA and UV-fluorescence to measure exposure of crabs to PAH.
Abstract.
Fillmann G, Watson GM, Howsam M, Francioni E, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2004). Urinary PAH metabolites as biomarkers of exposure in aquatic environments. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(9), 2649-2656.
Handy RD, Galloway TS, Depledge MH (2003). A proposal for the use of biomarkers for the assessment of chronic pollution and in regulatory toxicology.
Ecotoxicology,
12(1-4), 331-343.
Abstract:
A proposal for the use of biomarkers for the assessment of chronic pollution and in regulatory toxicology.
Despite a wealth of information on biomarkers, they are not routinely used for regulatory purposes, even though the potential benefits of biomarkers to rationalise complex exposure-response relationships are clear. Biomarkers can be inappropriately applied or misinterpreted, because the fundamental assumptions in exposure-response relations have not been considered. Factors causing temporal and spatial variability in biomarker responses are reviewed. These include numerous geochemical and biotic variables. The variation can be minimised by appropriate study site selection, experimental replication, multivariate epidemiological approaches, normalised controls, and temporal calibration of responses; so that the regulatory use of biomarkers for biomonitoring and tracking pollution events, including chronic or multiple exposures to complex mixtures is possible. We propose and define the characteristics of biomarkers of chronic exposure or effect, which must measure changes in pollution/effect against long-term changes in other general stresses (disease, nutrition, environmental quality), relate to cumulative injury, and remain responsive over months or years. Neuroendocrine, immunological, and histological biomarkers are suggested for chronic pollution. We propose a regulatory framework for biomarkers based on a weight of evidence approach that can integrate biomarkers in risk assessment and long-term monitoring programmes.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Camus L, Birkely SR, Jones MB, Børseth JF, Grøsvik BE, Gulliksen B, Lønne OJ, Regoli F, Depledge MH (2003). Biomarker responses and PAH uptake in Mya truncata following exposure to oil-contaminated sediment in an Arctic fjord (Svalbard).
Science of the Total Environment,
308(1-3), 221-234.
Abstract:
Biomarker responses and PAH uptake in Mya truncata following exposure to oil-contaminated sediment in an Arctic fjord (Svalbard)
Expanding industrial activity (notably oil and gas exploration) in the Arctic requires assessment of the potential impact of chemicals on marine organisms living in seawater at low temperature. The bivalve Mya truncata is common in Svalbard fjord (Norway) where it experiences low temperature throughout the year. To measure the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on M. truncata, the responses of three biomarkers [total oxyradical scavenging capacity-assay (TOSC), plasma membrane stability of haemocytes and respiration rates] were investigated from bivalves exposed to sediment contaminated with a PAH mixture (crude oil). After two weeks of exposure to the contaminated sediment, TOSC showed no change. The high TOSC value (4010±1339 unit mg-1 protein) of Mya truncata (control group) is thought to protect biomolecules with a low turnover rate efficiently in a low food availability environment. In the exposed bivalves, the haemocyte cellular membranes were significantly destabilised compared with controls (P
Abstract.
Francioni E, Fillmann G, Hamacher C, Wagener ADR, Depledge MH, Readman JW, Meniconi MDG (2003). Evaluation of a commercially available ELISA kit as a tool to determine BTEX in groundwater. Environmental Technology, 24(6), 665-670.
Francioni E, Hamacher C, de Luca, Fillmann G, Depledge MH, Readman JW, de Fátima Guadalupe Meniconi M (2003). Evaluation of a commercially available elisa kit as a tool to determine btex in groundwater.
Environmental Technology (United Kingdom),
24(6), 665-670.
Abstract:
Evaluation of a commercially available elisa kit as a tool to determine btex in groundwater
The reliability of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests as a screening technique to address groundwater contamination was tested in an area following leakage of gasoline from a petrol station. Immunoassay data of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m- and p-xylene (BTEX) were compared with results obtained using capillary gas chromatographic analysis. Detection limits were of 20 μg l −1 for ELISA and 0.3 (μg l −1 for gas chromatography with flame ionization and photoionization detectors (GC-FID/PID) determination. Despite an observed overestimation of BTEX concentrations as given by ELISA, the tests responded reliably to different levels of contamination. © Selper Ltd, 2003.
Abstract.
Styrishave B, Andersen O, Depledge MH (2003). In situ monitoring of heart rates in shore crabs Carcinus maenas in two tidal estuaries: Effects of physico-chemical parameters on tidal and diel rhythms.
Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology,
36(3), 161-175.
Abstract:
In situ monitoring of heart rates in shore crabs Carcinus maenas in two tidal estuaries: Effects of physico-chemical parameters on tidal and diel rhythms
Heart rates were monitored in situ in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, in relation to variations in depth, salinity, oxygen tension, temperature, light intensity and pH. Experiments were performed in the Looe Estuary, Cornwall, England and in Batson Creek in the Salcombe-Kingsbridge Estuary, Devon, England. Experiments in the Lone Estuary were conducted in the vicinity of a storm water storage discharge whereas the experiments in Batson Creek were performed on a clean site. Tidal rhythms in heart rates were commonly detected but diel rhythms in heart rate were also observed frequently. Both types of rhythm were more evident in animals from Batson Creek than from Looe. In Batson Creek, 12 out of 15 crabs expressed tidal rhythms in heart rate, whereas 6 out of 15 crabs expressed diel rhythms. In the two studies in the Looe Estuary, 6 out of 15 crabs and 3 out of 15 crabs expressed tidal and diet rhythm in heart rate, respectively. At both experimental sites, heart rates were positively correlated with increasing changes in depth and salinity, whereas heart rates were negatively correlated with light intensity. In addition, heart rates appeared to be positively correlated with increasing oxygen tension in the experiments performed in the Looe Estuary. The study suggests that depth and oxygen availability are more important to in situ heart rates in shore crabs within tidal estuaries than are salinity, light intensity and pH. Also, sewage discharge appears to cause an acute increase in heart rate, which may affect expression of biological rhythms in shore crabs.
Abstract.
Styrishave B, Andersen O, Depledge MH (2003). In situ monitoring of heart rates in shore crabs Carcinus maenas in two tidal estuaries: Effects of physico-chemical parameters on tidal and diel rhythms. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 36(3), 161-175.
Sanders MB, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH, Clare AS (2003). Vitellin-like proteins in larval crustacea: Potential biomarkers of xeno-oestrogen exposure. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 43(6), 896-896.
Atienzar FA, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH (2002). 4-n-Nonylphenol and 17-beta estradiol may induce common DNA effects in developing barnacle larvae.
Environ Pollut,
120(3), 735-738.
Abstract:
4-n-Nonylphenol and 17-beta estradiol may induce common DNA effects in developing barnacle larvae.
There is a growing concern over the potential effects of environmental endocrine disrupters on both human and wildlife populations. However, to date, minimal research has been conducted to determine the effect of estrogens and xenoestrogens at the DNA level. In this study, we used the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to evaluate the effects on the genomic DNA of barnacle larvae that had been exposed to 17beta-estradiol (E2) and low concentrations of 4-n-nonylphenol (NP). DNA effects include DNA damage as well as mutations and possibly other effects at the DNA level that can be induced by chemical or physical agents that directly and/or indirectly interact with genomic DNA. Not only did exposure to NP and E2 induce changes in RAPD profiles in the exposed barnacle larvae when compared to control patterns, but also, and more importantly, there were similarities in the RAPD modifications in the exposed populations that had been treated to either chemical. We propose that NP and E2 induced some common DNA effects in barnacle larvae and that these specific modifications in RAPD patterns may arise as a consequence of hot spot DNA damage (e.g. DNA adducts) and/or mutations (point mutations or genomic rearrangements). This could help to explain how xenoestrogens mimic the effects produced by natural estrogens. In conclusion, in the field of endocrine disruption, the study of DNA effects induced by estrogens and/or xenoestrogens warrants further investigation. Indeed, changes at the DNA levcl may be the precursors of some of the numerous effects reported at higher levels of biological organisation such as the feminization of males, developmental abnormalities, and infertility.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Owen R, Buxton L, Sarkis S, Toaspern M, Knap A, Depledge M (2002). An evaluation of hemolymph cholinesterase activities in the tropical scallop, Euvola (Pecten) ziczac, for the rapid assessment of pesticide exposure.
Marine Pollution Bulletin,
44(10), 1010-1017.
Abstract:
An evaluation of hemolymph cholinesterase activities in the tropical scallop, Euvola (Pecten) ziczac, for the rapid assessment of pesticide exposure
The use of sequential measurements of hemolymph cholinesterase activities as a non-invasive biomarker of seasonal organophosphate/carbamate exposure was investigated for the tropical scallop, Euvola (Pecten) ziczac. Overall activities of both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase were relatively high compared to studies with bivalve tissues. Acute in vivo experiments showed inhibition of hemolymph acetylcholinesterase activity at concentrations of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos of 0.1, 1 and 10 ngl-1. Monthly sampling of hemolymph from scallops at two sites in Bermuda over a 15 month period showed seasonal acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition. Direct and indirect evidence suggests that this inhibition did not relate to biochemical or physiological changes associated with gonad maturation and spawning, but rather reflected diffuse contamination of the marine environment by cholinesterase inhibitors or increased bioavailability of such inhibitors at these times. Repetitive sampling of scallop hemolymph for cholinesterase activities represents a rapid, sensitive and non-invasive method for assessing seasonal, sublethal pesticide exposure in these commercially important bivalves and suggests a wider use in marine pollution monitoring. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Hagger JA, Fischer AF, Hill SJ, Depledge MH, Jha AN (2002). Cytotoxic, genotoxic and ontogenic effects of tri-n-butyltin (TBT) on the marine worm, Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta: Nereidae). Aquatic Toxicology, 57, 243-255.
Moore M, Depledge M, Jha A, Jones M, Livingstone D, Lowe D, Mantoura F, Moore A, Peters L, Readman J, et al (2002). Eleventh International Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 11): Plymouth, UK, 10-13 July 2001. Marine Environmental Research, 54(3-5).
Browne RA, Moller V, Forbes VE, Depledge MH (2002). Estimating genetic and environmental components of variance using sexual and clonal Artemia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 267(1), 107-119.
Browne RA, Moller V, Forbes VE, Depledge MH (2002). Estimating genetic and environmental components of variance using sexual and clonal Artemia.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,
267(1), 107-119.
Abstract:
Estimating genetic and environmental components of variance using sexual and clonal Artemia
Reproductive and life span traits were measured for two obligately parthenogenetic (Artemia parthenogenetica) and three sexual (two A. franciscana and one A. sinica) brine shrimp populations. For each population, clonal lineages or single mating pairs were followed through one life cycle. The relative contributions of environmental and genetic components to total phenotypic variation for 10 life-history traits in response to environmental stress (0, 10, 25 ppb Cu) were estimated. Within treatment variation (CVw) was 39% higher for sexual populations than parthenogenetic populations, with significant (p < 0.05) differences in total number of offspring and number of nauplii. CVA (the change in variance due to rearing in different environments), when averaged for all traits and all populations, increased variability by 9.9%. CVA was 44.2% higher for sexual than parthenogenetic populations, with significant differences in number of broods, total number of offspring, and number of nauplii. The average genetic component of variation for the 10 traits was 23.44%, ranging from 5.26% for number of cysts to 44.87% for number of nauplii. For all traits, the environmental component of variance is greater than the genetic component measured, but every trait has a genetic component, which can potentially be acted upon by selection. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Atienzar FA, Venier P, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2002). Evaluation of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations. Mutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 521(1-2), 151-163.
Atienzar FA, Venier P, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2002). Evaluation of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations.
Mutat Res,
521(1-2), 151-163.
Abstract:
Evaluation of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations.
The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay and related techniques like the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) have been shown to detect genotoxin-induced DNA damage and mutations. The changes occurring in RAPD profiles following genotoxic treatments include variation in band intensity as well as gain or loss of bands. However, the interpretation of the molecular events responsible for differences in the RAPD patterns is not an easy task since different DNA alterations can induce similar type of changes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a number of DNA alterations on the RAPD profiles. Genomic DNA from different species was digested with restriction enzymes, ultrasonicated, treated with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) diol epoxide (BPDE) and the resulting RAPD profiles were evaluated. In comparison to the enzymatic DNA digestions, sonication caused greater changes in the RAPD patterns and induced a dose-related disappearance of the high molecular weight amplicons. A DNA sample substantially modified with BPDE caused very similar changes but amplicons of low molecular weight were also affected. Appearance of new bands and increase in band intensity were also evident in the RAPD profiles generated by the BPDE-modified DNA. Random mutations occurring in mismatch repair-deficient strains did not cause any changes in the banding patterns whereas a single base change in 10-mer primers produced substantial differences. Finally, further research is required to better understand the potential and limitations of the RAPD assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Hagger JA, Fisher AS, Hill SJ, Depledge MH, Jha AN (2002). Genotoxic, cytotoxic and ontogenetic effects of tri-n-butyltin on the marine worm, Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta : Nereidae). Aquatic Toxicology, 57(4), 243-255.
Hagger JA, Fisher AS, Hill SJ, Depledge MH, Jha AN (2002). Genotoxic, cytotoxic and ontogenetic effects of tri-n-butyltin on the marine worm, Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta: Nereidae).
Aquat Toxicol,
57(4), 243-255.
Abstract:
Genotoxic, cytotoxic and ontogenetic effects of tri-n-butyltin on the marine worm, Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta: Nereidae).
The genotoxic, cytotoxic and ontogenetic (embryo-larval) or developmental effects of tri-n-butyltin (TBT), were investigated in Platynereis dumerilii. Following the determination of maximum tolerated dose with regard to ontogenetic effects and mortality, early life stages of P. dumerilii were exposed to a range of TBT concentrations. Subsequently, the embryo-larvae were analysed for evidence of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Genotoxicity was assessed using cytogenetic endpoints that included the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations from metaphase spreads. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by determining the proliferative rate index of the growing embryo-larval cells using 5-bromodeoxyuridine labelling of the chromosomes or fluorescence plus Giemsa staining technique. TBT-exposed embryo-larvae of P. dumerilii exhibited sensitivity similar to that of other invertebrates, indicating that P. dumerilii is a suitable ecotoxicity test species. The results also suggested dose-dependent effects for genotoxic and cytotoxic end points in relation to TBT exposure. The present study highlights the need to elucidate the relative importance of direct genotoxic and indirect effects through production of genotoxic hormonal derivatives.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Camus L, Jones MB, Borseth JF, Regoli F, Depledge MH (2002). Heart rate, respiration and total oxyradical scavenging capacity of the Arctic spider crab, Hyas araneus, following exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds via sediment and injection. Aquatic Toxicology, 61(1-2), 1-13.
Camus L, Jones MB, Borseth JF, Regoli F, Depledge MH (2002). Heart rate, respiration and total oxyradical scavenging capacity of the Arctic spider crab, Hyas araneus, following exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds via sediment and injection.
Aquatic Toxicology,
61(1-2), 1-13.
Abstract:
Heart rate, respiration and total oxyradical scavenging capacity of the Arctic spider crab, Hyas araneus, following exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds via sediment and injection
Increasing industrial activity in the European Arctic has raised concerns of the potential anthropogenic impact of chemicals on this polar marine ecosystem. For the past 20 years or so, biomarkers have been developed to provide early-warning signals of detrimental impacts of chemicals on the marine ecosystem, however, most biomarker methods have been established for organisms living in temperate rather than polar waters. Little is known about biomarker responses in organisms living within the temperature range of -1.88 to +5°C. In this study, established biomarkers from temperate studies were tested on the Arctic spider crab Hyas araneus to validate their use in polar ecosystems. H. araneus is common in Svalbard fjord (Norway), although it is a temperate water species occurring from northern Spain to Svalbard at depths from 10 to 1200 m. In this paper, the effects of oil were investigated at 2°C via two routes: (i) injection and (ii) contaminated sediment. After 2 weeks of exposure, heart rate, oxygen consumption and total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) were measured in the same individuals. In both methods of contaminant exposure, heart rate showed a significant increase compared with the control (P0.05), but two individuals (n=8) showed a marked increase in oxygen uptake in the sediment-exposed group. The basal oxygen consumption of control H. araneus was lower (0.025 mg O2 g wet wt.-1 h-1) than reported for H. araneus living in temperate water. Although TOSC of H. araneus was not affected significantly by either exposure treatment (P>0.05) the mean TOSC value in the sediment-exposed group was lower than the control, indicating some saturation of the oxyradical scavenging system. Results indicate that although low temperature appears to be the main factor reducing the bioavailability of polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons, the relatively low metabolic rate of Arctic H. araneus is also implicated in decreased uptake and metabolism of oil compounds into reactive oxygen species (ROS). © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Dewailly E, Furgal C, Knap A, Galvin J, Baden D, Bowen B, Depledge M, Duguay L, Fleming L, Ford T, et al (2002). Indicators of ocean and human health. Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique, 93, S34-S38.
Knap A, Dewailly E, Furgal C, Galvin J, Baden D, Bowen RE, Depledge M, Duguay L, Fleming LE, Ford T, et al (2002). Indicators of ocean health and human health: Developing a research and monitoring framework. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(9), 839-845.
Knap A, Dewailly E, Furgal C, Galvin J, Baden D, Bowen RE, Depledge M, Duguay L, Fleming LE, Ford T, et al (2002). Indicators of ocean health and human health: developing a research and monitoring framework.
Environ Health Perspect,
110(9), 839-845.
Abstract:
Indicators of ocean health and human health: developing a research and monitoring framework.
We need to critically assess the present quality of the marine ecosystem, especially the connection between ecosystem change and threats to human health. In this article we review the current state of indicators to link changes in marine organisms with eventual effects to human health, identify research opportunities in the use of indicators of ocean and human health, and discuss how to establish collaborations between national and international governmental and private sector groups. We present a synthesis of the present state of understanding of the connection between ocean health and human health, a discussion of areas where resources are required, and a discussion of critical research needs and a template for future work in this field. To understand fully the interactions between ocean health and human health, programs should be organized around a "models-based" approach focusing on critical themes and attributes of marine environmental and public health risks. Given the extent and complex nature of ocean and human health issues, a program networking across geographic and disciplinary boundaries is essential. The overall goal of this approach would be the early detection of potential marine-based contaminants, the protection of marine ecosystems, the prevention of associated human illness, and by implication, the development of products to enhance human well-being. The tight connection between research and monitoring is essential to develop such an indicator-based effort.
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Moore M, Depledge M (2002). Marine environmental research - Pollutant responses in marine organisms (PRIMO 11) - Editorial. Marine Environmental Research, 54(3-5), III-IIV.
Moore M, Depledge M (2002). Marine environmental research - Pollutant responses in marine organisms (PRIMO 11) - Editorial.
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH,
54(3-5), III-IV.
Author URL.
Galloway TS, Sanger RC, Smith KL, Fillmann G, Readman JW, Ford TE, Depledge MH (2002). Rapid assessment of marine pollution using multiple biomarkers and chemical immunoassays. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(10), 2219-2226.
DePledge M, Galloway T, Sanger R, Smith R (2002). Rapid assessment of marine pollution using multiple biomarkers and chemical immunoassays. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(10), 2219-2226.
Galloway TS, Millward N, Browne MA, Depledge MH (2002). Rapid assessment of organophosphorous/carbamate exposure in the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis using combined esterase activities as biomarkers. Aquatic Toxicology, 61(3-4), 169-180.
Galloway TS, Millward N, Browne MA, Depledge MH (2002). Rapid assessment of organophosphorous/carbamate exposure in the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis using combined esterase activities as biomarkers.
Aquat Toxicol,
61(3-4), 169-180.
Abstract:
Rapid assessment of organophosphorous/carbamate exposure in the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis using combined esterase activities as biomarkers.
Carboxylesterases in bivalve molluscs exhibit greater sensitivity to organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides than acetylcholinesterase and are present at higher levels. The aim of the present study was to combine measurement of both acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities in the marine bivalve Mytilus edulis in order to detect the effects of pesticide exposure. Spectrophotometric assays in microtitreplate format were optimised for use with M. edulis haemolymph and tissue homogenate samples. This permitted the nature and distribution of the enzymes to be determined. One predominant pharmacological form of activity consistent in its patterns of activation and inhibition with acetylcholinesterase was identified in the haemolymph with an apparent K(m) for acetylthiocholineiodide of 1.33 mM. Carboxylesterase activity in the tissues was characterised by its preferential hydrolysis of the substrate analogue phenylthioacetate. Concentration-dependent inhibition of both activities was demonstrated following in vitro incubation with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), paraoxon and eserine in the range 0.1-3.0 mM. When M. edulis (n=10) were exposed for 24 h to concentrations of eserine or paraoxon of 0.05-1.0 mM, the percentage inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was in each case greater than for carboxylesterase and reached statistical significance at lower concentrations. In all exposures, a proportion of carboxylesterase activity was present which remained resistant to inhibition by either organophosphorous or carbamate compounds. The ecotoxicological significance of these findings for the environmental monitoring of pesticide exposure is discussed.
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Fillmann G, Galloway TS, Sanger RC, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2002). Relative performance of immunochemical (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and gas chromatography-electron-capture detection techniques to quantify polychlorinated biphenyls in mussel tissues. Analytica Chimica Acta, 461(1), 75-84.
Fillmann G, Galloway TS, Sanger RC, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2002). Relative performance of immunochemical (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and gas chromatography-electron-capture detection techniques to quantify polychlorinated biphenyls in mussel tissues.
Analytica Chimica Acta,
461(1), 75-84.
Abstract:
Relative performance of immunochemical (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and gas chromatography-electron-capture detection techniques to quantify polychlorinated biphenyls in mussel tissues
Results from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) analyses of mussel tissue extracts by immunoassay (PCB RaPID Assay®) and conventional gas chromatography-electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) are described and compared. Mussels from natural populations with diverse concentrations of PCBs, mussel tissue fortified with technical Aroclor® 1254 and a certified reference material are included. A strong correlation is reported between "total" PCBs quantified by both techniques (r2=0.95, n=27). Immunoassay results, however, exhibited lower values compared to GC-ECD, particularly when GC results are corrected for procedural recovery. A reduced antibody response, due to differences in the congener composition between the mussel extracts and Aroclor® 1254 (used to raise and calibrate the ELISA), provides the most likely explanation for this difference. Non-parametric statistical analyses confirmed that, although differing from Aroclor® 1254, PCB congener compositions in the mussel extracts most closely resemble that of Aroclor® 1254. At very high PCB concentrations (>30μgg-1 dry weight), however, ELISA results are statistically different (P
Abstract.
Fillmann G, Galloway TS, Sanger RC, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2002). The relative performance of immmunochemical (ELISA) and GC-EDC techniques to quantify PCBs in mussel tissues. Analytica Chimica Acta, 461, 75-84.
Atienzar FA, Evenden AJ, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2002). The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA assay as a biomaker for the detection of diverese genetic alterations: possible implication of confounding factors. Biomarkers, 7, 94-101.
Camus L, Jones MB, Borseth JF, Grosvik BE, Regoli F, Depledge MH (2002). Total oxyradical scavenging capacity and cell membrane stability of haemocytes of the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandicus, following benzo(a)pyrene exposure. Marine Environmental Research, 54(3-5), 425-430.
Camus L, Jones MB, Børseth JF, Grøsvik BE, Regoli F, Depledge MH (2002). Total oxyradical scavenging capacity and cell membrane stability of haemocytes of the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandicus, following benzo(a)pyrene exposure.
Mar Environ Res,
54(3-5), 425-430.
Abstract:
Total oxyradical scavenging capacity and cell membrane stability of haemocytes of the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandicus, following benzo(a)pyrene exposure.
Industrial activities, notably oil and gas industries, are expanding in the Arctic. Most of the biomarkers were developed using temperate organisms living at temperatures above 10 degrees C. Little is known about the biomarker responses of organisms living between -1.88 and 5 degrees C. Therefore, assessment of the toxicity of chemicals to cold-water adapted species is required. In this study, the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandicus, was selected as a key species for bio-monitoring because of wide distribution in Arctic waters and its commercial value. Test animals, stored in seawater at 2 degrees C, were injected with benzo(a)pyrene (diluted in cod liver oil 5 mg ml(-1)) in the adductor muscle every 24 h for four days giving a final dose of 0, 74 and 90.6 mg kg(-1) wet weight for control, low and high dose, respectively. The biomarkers used were total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) in the digestive gland and cell membrane stability of haemocytes. TOSC values were significantly reduced (ca. 30%) in exposed groups (P < 0.05), indicating a depletion in oxyradical molecular scavengers. The antioxidant defences appeared to be overwhelmed by the reactive oxygen species as the plasma membranes of haemocytes were destabilised (P < 0.05) probably due to lipid peroxidation. These data indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced by Arctic scallops via the metabolisation of benzo(a)pyrene at 2 degrees C.
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Author URL.
Bjerregaard P, Depledge MH (2002). Trace metal concentrations and contents in the tissues of the shore crab Carcinus maenas: Effects of size and tissue hydration.
Marine Biology,
141(4), 741-752.
Abstract:
Trace metal concentrations and contents in the tissues of the shore crab Carcinus maenas: Effects of size and tissue hydration
Water content in the tissues, tissue proportions, and content and concentrations of copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, manganese, and cobalt were determined in male shore crabs Carcinus maenas of different sizes. Average wet to dry weight ratios in midgut gland, gills, muscle, exoskeleton, stomach, heart, testes, hypodermis, and haemolymph were 5.3, 9.5, 4.1, 1.5, 4.8, 6.1, 3.8, 4.7, and 13, respectively. The water content in the soft tissues generally increased with increasing size of the crabs (except in testes). Dry midgut gland, gills, muscle, exoskeleton, stomach, heart, testes, hypodermis, and haemolymph constituted 4, 0.9, 20, 68, 0.5, 0.12, 0.5, 0.7 and 5.3%, respectively, of the body dry weight. Dry midgut gland, gills, stomach, hypodermis, and haemolymph constituted a larger proportion of the body weight in small than in large crabs, whereas the opposite was the case for exoskeleton. Protein concentrations in the haemolymph decreased with size whereas haemolymph volume increased. Seventy percent of the copper body burden was located in the haemolymph. The majority of zinc (61%) occurred in muscle, whereas the midgut gland was the major site of cadmium storage (89%). The exoskeleton contained the major part of the body burden of iron (71%) and manganese (95%). Most of the cobalt body burden was located in the exoskeleton (45%) and haemolymph (44%). As tissue hydration and tissue proportions changed with size, tissue metal concentrations did not necessarily vary identically with size when expressed on a dry weight compared to a wet weight basis. Tissue potassium concentrations were negatively correlated with tissue water contents, indicating that water in tissues with a high wet to dry weight ratio was of extracellular origin. However, comparison of tissue and haemolymph copper levels showed that this extracellular water could not be pure haemolymph as tissue copper concentrations would have been higher than the values actually found.
Abstract.
Bjerregaard P, Depledge MH (2002). Trace metal concentrations and contents in the tissues of the shore crab Carcinus maenas: effects of size and tissue hydration. Marine Biology, 141(4), 741-752.
Atienzar FA, Evenden AJ, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2002). Use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations: possible implications of confounding factors. Biomarkers, 7(1), 94-101.
Atienzar FA, Evenden AJ, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2002). Use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations: possible implications of confounding factors.
Biomarkers,
7(1), 94-101.
Abstract:
Use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations: possible implications of confounding factors.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to qualitatively detect the kinetics of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced DNA effects in the water flea Daphnia magna exposed to 25 and 50 micrograms l-1 B[a]P for 7 and 6 days, respectively. Mortality was recorded on a daily basis in both experiments, and RAPD analysis was performed on samples collected every day following isolation of genomic DNA. The main changes occurring in RAPD profiles produced by the population of Daphnia magna exposed to 25 and 50 micrograms l-1 B[a]P was a decrease and increase in band intensity, respectively. Most of the changes occurring in the RAPD patterns were likely to be the result of B[a]P-induced DNA damage (B[a]P DNA adducts, oxidized bases, DNA breakages) and/or mutations (point mutations and large rearrangements). In addition, reproducible changes also occurred in the profiles generated by control Daphnia magna. The results lead us to suggest that, in addition to B[a]P-induced DNA damage and mutations, factors such as variation in gene expression, steady levels of genetic alterations and changes in metabolic processes could induce some changes in RAPD patterns. Nevertheless, our data suggest that DNA damage and mutations appear to be the main factors influencing RAPD patterns. This study also emphasizes that unexpected variation in control profiles is not always associated with artefacts.
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Billinghurst Z, Clare AS, Depledge MH (2001). Effects of 4-n-nonylphenol and 17 beta-oestradiol on early development of the barnacle Elminius modestus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 257(2), 255-268.
Billinghurst Z, Clare AS, Depledge MH (2001). Effects of 4-n-nonylphenol and 17beta-oestradiol on early development of the barnacle Elminius modestus.
J Exp Mar Bio Ecol,
257(2), 255-268.
Abstract:
Effects of 4-n-nonylphenol and 17beta-oestradiol on early development of the barnacle Elminius modestus.
Pollutants that are present in the aquatic environment and cause abnormal endocrine function in wildlife populations have been termed endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The impacts of these chemicals on the reproduction and development of vertebrates has been shown to be significant in both field studies and laboratory experiments. Over the past decade the number of investigations into the impacts of EDCs that affect reproductive and sexual characteristics (reproductive EDCs) has increased and evidence of their potency is evident in numerous wildlife species and through data from in vitro tests. However, little information is available on whether chemicals which act as EDCs in vertebrate species affect aquatic invertebrates. The case of imposex in archeogastropods following exposure to tributyltin (TBT) is a notable exception. Moreover, a number of studies have shown that development, fecundity and reproductive output of some aquatic invertebrates are affected significantly by exposure to pollutants. In order to determine whether external signs of exposure to vertebrate EDCs can be observed and monitored in invertebrate species, we exposed larvae of the barnacle Elminius modestus to environmentally realistic concentrations of the xeno-oestrogen, 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), and the natural oestrogen, 17beta-oestradiol (E(2)). Early life stages (nauplii and cyprids) were also exposed in the laboratory to determine whether there were effects on the timing of larval development and settlement. Ovary development and size of juveniles was measured following chronic exposure. Exposure to NP in the concentration range 0.01-10 µg l(-1) resulted in disruption of the timing of larval development. Similar results were obtained with E(2). Pulse exposures showed that the timing of exposure is critical and exposures for a period of 12 months caused long-term effects. A linear, concentration-dependent response was not evident.
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Atienzar FA, Cheung VV, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2001). Fitness parameters and DNA effects are sensitive indicators of copper-induced toxicity in Daphnia magna. Toxicological Sciences, 59(2), 241-250.
Atienzar FA, Cheung VV, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2001). Fitness parameters and DNA effects are sensitive indicators of copper-induced toxicity in Daphnia magna.
Toxicol Sci,
59(2), 241-250.
Abstract:
Fitness parameters and DNA effects are sensitive indicators of copper-induced toxicity in Daphnia magna.
This study compared the effects occurring at molecular and population levels in Daphnia magna exposed to copper concentrations in the range of 15-120 microg/l. The qualitative and quantitative modifications arising in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles as a measure of DNA effects were compared with a number of key ecological fitness parameters, namely, the age-specific survival, age-specific fecundity, net reproductive rate, and intrinsic rate of population increase. Results suggested that growth, reproduction, and most of the fitness parameters as well as genomic template stability (a qualitative measure reflecting changes in RAPD profiles) were significantly affected at copper concentrations of 90 and 120 microg/l. Among the fitness parameters, the age-specific fecundity and net reproductive rate were the most sensitive parameters of toxicity. Changes in RAPD patterns generally occurred at copper concentrations of 90 and 120 microg/l, but with one primer, changes significantly arose at all copper concentrations. Overall, molecular and population parameters compared well and represented a sensitive means to measure toxicity induced by copper in Daphnia magna. In conclusion, the measurement of parameters at both molecular and population levels is valuable for investigating the specific effects of agents interacting with DNA. Ultimately, this methodology may allow the ecotoxicological examination of the link between molecular alterations and measurable adverse effects at higher levels of biological organization.
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Lewis S, Donkin ME, Depledge MH (2001). Hsp70 expression in Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta) exposed to environmental stressors. Aquatic Toxicology, 51(3), 277-291.
Lewis S, Donkin ME, Depledge MH (2001). Hsp70 expression in Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta) exposed to environmental stressors.
Aquat Toxicol,
51(3), 277-291.
Abstract:
Hsp70 expression in Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta) exposed to environmental stressors.
Numerous studies have indicated that stress proteins have potential as biomarkers of exposure to environmental contaminants. Analysis of stress proteins in animals, especially Hsp70, has dominated this research area despite increasing interest in the use of plants as pollution monitors. In the present study Hsp70 expression in Enteromorpha intestinalis has been investigated under exposure to a variety of stressors, to evaluate the potential use of Hsp70 as a biomarker of contaminant exposure in this seaweed. E. intestinalis was exposed to thermal stress, copper under differing conditions of nutrient availability and the triazine herbicide Irgarol 1051. Measurements were also taken to compare Hsp70 with conventional sublethal endpoints of toxicity such as growth and fluorescence induction parameters such as Fv/Fm. E. intestinalis exhibited a typical heat shock response. Hsp70 expression was increased with copper exposure, but proved to be a relatively insensitive biomarker of copper exposure compared to growth measurements. Nutrient limitation enhanced copper toxicity and significantly impaired growth, Fv/Fm and Hsp70 production. Fv/Fm and growth were strongly affected by Irgarol 1051 exposure, but Hsp70 levels were unaltered following exposure to the herbicide. The implications of using Hsp70 expression in E. intestinalis as a biomarker are discussed.
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Galloway TS, Depledge MH (2001). Immunotoxicity in invertebrates: Measurement and ecotoxicological relevance. Ecotoxicology, 10(1), 5-23.
Galloway TS, Depledge MH (2001). Immunotoxicity in invertebrates: measurement and ecotoxicological relevance.
Ecotoxicology,
10(1), 5-23.
Abstract:
Immunotoxicity in invertebrates: measurement and ecotoxicological relevance.
Concern is growing regarding the impact of chemicals suspected of altering the function of the immune system in humans and wildlife. There are numerous examples of links between pollution and increased susceptibility to disease in wildlife species, including immunosuppression in harbour seals feeding on fish from contaminated sites, altered immune function in riverine fish and decreased host resistance in birds exposed to pollutants. Laboratory tests have identified potential immunological hazards posed by a range of anthropogenic chemicals in mammals and higher vertebrates. However, few reports have considered the ecological relevance of pollution-induced immunosuppression in invertebrate phyla, which constitute around 95% of all animal species and occupy key structural and functional roles in ecosystems. In this paper effects of chemicals on immune function in invertebrates are briefly reviewed and biomarkers of immunotoxicity are identified. Examples of new approaches for the measurement of immunological inflammatory reactions and stress in molluscan haemocytes are detailed. The relevance of defining the immune system as a target organ of toxicity in invertebrates is discussed and an integrated approach for the use of immunological biomarkers in environment management is proposed, combining measures of immune function and organismal viability at the biochemical, cellular and population level.
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Wells PG, Depledge MH, Butler JN, Manock JJ, Knap AH (2001). Rapid toxicity assessment and biomonitoring of marine contaminants - Exploiting the potential of rapid biomarker assays and microscale toxicity tests. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(10), 799-804.
Wells PG, Depledge MH, Butler JN, Manock JJ, Knap AH (2001). Rapid toxicity assessment and biomonitoring of marine contaminants - Exploiting the potential of rapid biomarker assays and microscale toxicity tests.
Marine Pollution Bulletin,
42(10), 799-804.
Abstract:
Rapid toxicity assessment and biomonitoring of marine contaminants - Exploiting the potential of rapid biomarker assays and microscale toxicity tests
There is a great need for an integrated international effort in research and training using rapid, easy to use, biomarker and microscale ecotoxicity techniques. These techniques must be directed, coordinated and formulated into protocols that contribute to the prevention and reduction of marine pollution world-wide and the improvement of ocean and human health. This need should be considered as urgent by marine environmental scientists, managers and policy makers throughout the world. Our paper discusses such techniques and suggests a four-point framework for advancing work towards their wider use, particularly in developing coastal nations. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Cordi B, Donkin ME, Peloquin J, Price DN, Depledge MH (2001). The influence of UV-B radiation on the reproductive cells of the intertidal macroalga, Enteromorpha intestinalis. Aquatic Toxicology, 56(1), 1-11.
Cordi B, Donkin ME, Peloquin J, Price DN, Depledge MH (2001). The influence of UV-B radiation on the reproductive cells of the intertidal macroalga, Enteromorpha intestinalis.
Aquat Toxicol,
56(1), 1-11.
Abstract:
The influence of UV-B radiation on the reproductive cells of the intertidal macroalga, Enteromorpha intestinalis.
The relative sensitivity of the reproductive cells of the seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis to UV-B was assessed by measuring in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence (F(v) variable fluorescence), germination success and growth rates. Zoospores (the asexual reproductive cells) exhibit up to a 6 fold higher sensitivity to UV-B exposure than the mature thalli (measured as chlorophyll fluorescence, F(v)), and differences in growth rates were also found. Consistent patterns emerged throughout these experiments in variable fluorescence, germination success and growth rates, indicating a greater sensitivity in the sexual reproductive phase of the life cycle compared with the asexual phase. Inhibition of germination success (up to 50%) and growth rates (up to 16.4%) of settled gametes and zoospores after 1-h exposures to elevated levels of UV-B (equivalent to 27 and 31% ozone depletion) showed that damage to the reproductive cells was irreversible. In conclusion, the ecological significance of elevated UV-B exposure in the marine environment may be seriously under-estimated if effects on the early lifestages of algae are not considered.
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Curtis TM, Williamson R, Depledge MH (2001). The initial mode of action of copper on the cardiac physiology of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Aquatic Toxicology, 52(1), 29-38.
Curtis TM, Williamson R, Depledge MH (2001). The initial mode of action of copper on the cardiac physiology of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.
Aquat Toxicol,
52(1), 29-38.
Abstract:
The initial mode of action of copper on the cardiac physiology of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.
Previous studies have shown that low levels of copper (down to 0.8 microM) induce bradycardia in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and that this is not caused by prolonged valve closure. The aim of this study was to determine the precise mechanism responsible. To establish if copper was directly affecting heart cell physiology, recordings of contractions from isolated ventricular strips were made using an isometric force transducer, in response to copper concentrations (as CuCl2) ranging between 1 microM and 1 mM. Inhibition of mechanical activity only occurred at 1 mM copper, suggesting that the copper-induced bradycardia observed in whole animals cannot be attributed to direct cardiotoxicity. Effects of copper on the cardiac nerves were subsequently examined. Following removal of visceral ganglia (from where the cardiac nerves originate), exposure to 12.5 microM copper had no effect on the heart rate of whole animals. The effect of copper on the heart rate of mussels could not be abolished by depletion of the monoamine content of the animal using reserpine. However, pre-treatment of the animals with alpha-bungarotoxin considerably reduced the sensitivity of the heart to copper. These results indicated that the influence of copper on the heart of M. edulis might be mediated by a change in the activity of cholinergic nerves to heart. In the final experiments, mussels were injected with either benzoquinonium or D-tubocurarine, prior to copper exposure, in an attempt to selectively block the inhibitory or excitatory cholinoreceptors of the heart. Only benzoquinonium decreased the susceptibility of the heart to copper, suggesting that copper affects the cardiac activity of blue mussels by stimulating inhibitory cholinergic nerves to the heart.
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Fossi MC, Casini S, Savelli C, Corbelli C, Franchi E, Mattei N, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Corsi I, Bamber S, Depledge MH, et al (2000). Biomarker responses at different levels of biological organization in crabs (Carcinus aestuarii) experimentally exposed to benzo(α)pyrene.
Chemosphere,
40(8), 861-874.
Abstract:
Biomarker responses at different levels of biological organization in crabs (Carcinus aestuarii) experimentally exposed to benzo(α)pyrene
The aim of this study was to validate a multi-trial biomarker approach for the evaluation of toxicological risk due to benzo(α)pyrene. Carcinus aestuarii, exposed to increasing concentrations of B(α)P in the water, was used as the bioindicator organism. A set of biomarkers were tested in order to: identify biological materials for biomarker and residue analysis; determine a group of sensitive techniques for the assessment of PAH contamination; investigate correlation between responses at different levels of biological organisation. The results underlined that BPMO activities in hepatopancreas and gills were a good biomarker of exposure to PAH-type compounds. B esterases activities in hemolymph and porphyrin patterns in excreta could be proposed as a non-destructive approach for evaluating chemical exposure in this species. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Abstract.
Morrall CE, Galloway TS, Trapido-Rosenthal HG, Depledge MH (2000). Characterisation of nitric oxide synthase activity in the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pallida.
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol,
125(4), 483-491.
Abstract:
Characterisation of nitric oxide synthase activity in the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pallida.
The presence of nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.23 NOS) activity is demonstrated in the tropical marine cnidarian Aiptasia pallida (Verrill). Enzyme activity was assayed by measuring the conversion of [3H]arginine to [3H]citrulline. Optimal NOS activity was found to require NADPH. Activity was inhibited by the competitive NOS inhibitor NG-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA), but not the arginase inhibitors L-valine and L-ornithine. NOS activity was predominantly cytosolic, and was characterised by a Km for arginine of 19.05 microM and a Vmax of 2.96 pmol/min per microgram protein. Histochemical localisation of NOS activity using NADPH diaphorase staining showed the enzyme to be predominantly present in the epidermal cells and at the extremities of the mesoglea. These results provide a preliminary biochemical characterisation and histochemical localisation of NOS activity in A. pallida, an ecologically important sentinel species in tropical marine ecosystems.
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Atienzar FA, Cordi B, Donkin ME, Evenden AJ, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2000). Comparison of ultraviolet-induced genotoxicity detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA with chlorophyll fluorescence and growth in a marine macroalgae, Palmaria palmata.
Aquat Toxicol,
50(1-2), 1-12.
Abstract:
Comparison of ultraviolet-induced genotoxicity detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA with chlorophyll fluorescence and growth in a marine macroalgae, Palmaria palmata.
The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to detect DNA damage in the sublittoral macroalgae Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta) exposed to both ambient and elevated irradiances of UV-B (280-315 nm). To investigate the potential of this method in ecotoxicological assessments, the qualitative and quantitative modifications in RAPD profiles were compared with changes in a number of physiological and fitness parameters. RAPD detectable modifications in DNA profiles were observed in all UV exposed individuals compared with controls. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence (F(v)/F(m) ratio), in vivo pigment absorptance, thallus growth and RAPD profiles, examined simultaneously, provided a sensitive measure of UV-induced toxicity. In conclusion, the application of the RAPD method in conjunction with other suitable physiological and fitness measurements, may prove to be a valuable tool for investigating the specific effects of genotoxic agents upon marine algal populations. Ultimately, this methodology may allow the ecotoxicological examination of the link between molecular alterations and measurable adverse effects at higher levels of biological organisation.
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Jha AN, Cheung VV, Foulkes ME, Hill SJ, Depledge MH (2000). Detection of genotoxins in the marine environment: adoption and evaluation of an integrated approach using the embryo-larval stages of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis.
Mutat Res,
464(2), 213-228.
Abstract:
Detection of genotoxins in the marine environment: adoption and evaluation of an integrated approach using the embryo-larval stages of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis.
In genetic ecotoxicology or eco-genotoxicology, there is lack of well-validated systems which could demonstrate the utility of multiple endpoints in environmental quality assessment. For an evaluation of genotoxic potential of heterogeneous marine sediment samples collected from a small fishing harbour in the UK, an in vivo test system using embryo-larval stages of the common mussel, Mytilus edulis was validated against direct and indirect acting reference mutagens. The system appeared to be sensitive and reproducible for cytogenetic endpoints analysed (sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosomal aberrations (CAbs)). Following validation and chemical characterisation of the environmental samples, multiple endpoints were measured. Determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was carried out as a measure to determine cytotoxic effects as a confounding factor for genotoxicity, based on developmental and cytotoxic (in terms of proliferative rate index or PRI) effects. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of the samples gave a positive response for all the endpoints tested, linking different levels of biological organisation (i.e. chromosomal, cellular and organismal) for the observed effects. The study also emphasises the need for the assessment of the short and long-term impacts of dredge disposal on marine biota by including laboratory-based bioassays and incorporating an integrated approach which could yield as much useful information as possible in overall hazard and risk assessment for aquatic genotoxicity.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Jha AN, Hagger JA, Hill SJ, Depledge MH (2000). Genotoxic, cytotoxic and developmental effects of tributyltin oxide (TBTO): an integrated approach to the evaluation of the relative sensitivities of two marine species.
Mar Environ Res,
50(1-5), 565-573.
Abstract:
Genotoxic, cytotoxic and developmental effects of tributyltin oxide (TBTO): an integrated approach to the evaluation of the relative sensitivities of two marine species.
Adopting an integrated approach the potential genotoxic, cytotoxic and developmental effects of tributyltin oxide (TBTO), a known endocrine-disrupting agent for neogastropods, have been evaluated in two ecologically relevant invertebrates: Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) and Platynereis dumerilli (rag worm). Following determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in terms of developmental and survival effects, the embryo-larval stages of these organisms were exposed to a range of concentrations of TBTO, and analysed for cytotoxic (proliferation rate index) and genotoxic (sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations) effects. The study suggested that: (1) TBTO is both toxic and genotoxic to embryo-larval stages of both species; (2) at comparable concentrations, for developmental and genotoxic effects, P. dumerilii (non-target species) is more sensitive compared to M. edulis (target species); and (3) genotoxic effects are more closely tied with the development and survival of the organisms. The study emphasises the need of the evaluation of genotoxic potential of other endocrine-disrupting agents in different taxonomic groups.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Billinghurst Z, Clare AS, Matsumura K, Depledge MH (2000). Induction of cypris major protein in barnacle larvae by exposure to 4-n-nonylphenol and 17β-oestradiol.
Aquatic Toxicology,
47(3-4), 203-212.
Abstract:
Induction of cypris major protein in barnacle larvae by exposure to 4-n-nonylphenol and 17β-oestradiol
Intense efforts are currently being made to develop procedures to assess the potential for endocrine disruption in aquatic environments. Most attention has focused on fresh water systems, amphibians and fish and morphological and molecular measures for endocrine disruption. A biomarker approach involving the induction of a female-specific protein, vitellogenin, in males by exposure to xeno-oestrogens has proved particularly useful. By contrast marine environments and invertebrates have received comparatively little attention. The present study aimed to examine the effects of exposure to a xeno-oetrogen, 4-n-nonylphenol (4-NP) and a natural oestrogen, 17β-oestradiol (E2) on a marine crustacean, the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. In particular, the effect of such exposure on levels of a larval storage protein, cypris major protein (CMP), which is related to barnacle vitellin, has been examined. Accordingly, nauplius stage larvae of B. amphitrite were exposed to low concentrations (0.01-1.0 μg l-1) of 4-NP and E2 (1.0 μg l-1) from egg hatching until the cypris stage. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting were used to monitor CMP levels in exposed larvae relative to 'zero' concentration controls. Elevated (100% increase) CMP levels were measured in larvae exposed to both 4-NP and E2 at a concentration of 1.0 μg l-1, and notable increases occurred at lower concentrations of 4-NP. It is concluded that CMP and perhaps other vitellin-like proteins are potential biomarkers of low level oestrogen exposure in crustaceans. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
Abstract.
Atienzar F, Evenden A, Jha A, Savva D, Depledge M (2000). Optimized RAPD analysis generates high-quality genomic DNA profiles at high annealing temperature.
Biotechniques,
28(1), 52-54.
Author URL.
Curtis TM, Williamson R, Depledge MH (2000). Simultaneous, long-term monitoring of valve and cardiac activity in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis exposed to copper.
Marine Biology,
136(5), 837-846.
Abstract:
Simultaneous, long-term monitoring of valve and cardiac activity in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis exposed to copper
Valve and cardiac activity were simultaneously measured in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) in response to 10 d copper exposure. Valve movements, heart rates and heart-rate variability were obtained non-invasively using a Musselmonitor® (valve activity) and a modified version of the Computer-Aided Physiological Monitoring system (CAPMON; cardiac activity). After 2 d exposure of mussels (4 individuals per treatment group) to a range of dissolved copper concentrations (0 to 12.5 μM as CuCl2) median valve positions (% open) and median heart rates (beats per minute) declined as a function of copper concentration. Heart-rate variability (coefficient of variation for interpulse durations) rose in a concentration-dependent manner. The 48 h EC50 values (concentrations of copper causing 50% change) for valve positions, heart rates and heart-rate variability were 2.1, 0.8, and 0.06 μM, respectively. Valve activity was weakly correlated with both heart rate (r = 0.48 ± 0.02) and heart-rate variability (r = 0.32 ± 0.06) for control individuals (0 μM Cu2+). This resulted from a number of short enclosure events that did not coincide with a change in cardiac activity. Exposure of mussels to increasing copper concentrations (≥0.8 μM) progressively reduced the correlation between valve activity and heart rates (r = 0 for individuals dosed with ≥6.3 μM Cu2+), while correlations between valve activity and heart-rate variability were unaffected. The poor correlations resulted from periods of valve flapping that were not mimicked by similar fluctuations in heart rate or heart-rate variability. The data suggest that the copper-induced bradycardia observed in mussels is not a consequence of prolonged valve closure.
Abstract.
Aagaard A, Styrishave B, Warman CG, Depledge MH (2000). The use of cardiac monitoring in the assessment of mercury toxicity in the subtropical pebble crab Gaetice depressus (Brachyura : Grapsidae : Varuninae).
SCIENTIA MARINA,
64(4), 381-386.
Author URL.
Ringwood AH, Hameedi MJ, Lee RF, Brouwer M, Peters EC, Scott GI, Luoma SN, DiGiulio RT, Depledge M, Steinert S, et al (1999). Bivalve Biomarker Workshop: overview and discussion group summaries.
BIOMARKERS,
4(6), 391-399.
Author URL.
Hebel DK, Jones MB, Moate RM, Depledge MH (1999). Differing sensitivities of respiratory and osmoregulatory gill tissue of Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Decapoda) to water-borne copper.
Marine Biology,
133(4), 675-681.
Abstract:
Differing sensitivities of respiratory and osmoregulatory gill tissue of Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Decapoda) to water-borne copper
Following a 14 d exposure to sublethal concentrations of copper [0 (= control), 50, 100, 200, 300, 500 μg l-1] in a static laboratory system, Gills 5 and 8 of the common shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) were removed and examined for damage by transmission electron microscopy. In this species, the anterior gills (1 to 6) are primarily respiratory in function, while the posterior gills (7 to 9) have an additional osmoregulatory role, with the respiratory epithelia being restricted to areas proximal to the marginal canal. The first signs of damage (epithelial hyperplasia, necrosis, vacuolation, haemocyte infiltration) occurred at 100 μg Cu l-1, but only in the respiratory gill (5) and only in areas close to the marginal canal. At 200 to 500 μg Cu l-1, these ultrastructural changes spread progressively throughout the lamellae of the respiratory gill. No damage was observed in the osmoregulatory gill (8) until 300 μg Cu l-1, and structural disruption, similar to that seen in the respiratory gill at 100 μg Cu l-1, was not observed until exposure to 500 μg Cu l-1; lipofuscin granule formation was seen in the osmoregulatory gill following exposure to 300 and 500 μg Cu l-1. The physiological implications of the differing sensitivities of the two gill types to waterborne copper are discussed.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Billinghurst Z (1999). Ecological significance of endocrine disruption in marine invertebrates.
Marine Pollution Bulletin,
39(1-12), 335-345.
Abstract:
Ecological significance of endocrine disruption in marine invertebrates
Sydney Water Corp's evaluation of risks to human health and aquatic life in creeks, rivers, estuaries, and ocean waters affected by wet weather sewage overflows, stormwater, and sewage treatment plant discharges in seven geographic areas in the Blue Mountains and Illawarra Region identified a number of chemicals of potential concern (COPC) at the 37 receiving water sites evaluated. In estuarine waters, 14 chemicals were identified as COPC at one or more of the sites and stormwater was the predominant source of the chemicals. Stormwater contributed >85% of the load of the chemicals of concern (COC), except ammonia and nitrite which were associated with both stormwater and overflows. The risk assessment did not predict risks from the chemicals examined to people engaged in water based activities at any of the 37 receiving water sites. Noncarcinogenic risks from fish ingestion were not predicted at most of the sites, but noncarcinogenic risks from exposure to mercury were predicted at three sites. However, mercury will very likely pose negligible risks because of the conservative assumptions used in the human health risk evaluation and the large uncertainty factors associated with the toxicity reference value. Predicted cancer risks for most individual COC were relatively small, with most estimates ranging from 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 1,000,000. Carcinogenic risks were typically associated with organochlorine compounds, PAH, dichlorobenzene, and arsenic. The predicted cancer risks also appeared to be largely the result of stormwater rather than sewage overflow inputs and largely due to historical contamination by organochlorine pesticides.
Abstract.
Conradi M, Depledge MH (1999). Effects of zinc on the life-cycle, growth and reproduction of the marine amphipod Corophium volutator.
Marine Ecology Progress Series,
176, 131-138.
Abstract:
Effects of zinc on the life-cycle, growth and reproduction of the marine amphipod Corophium volutator
The effects of zinc concentrations on the life-history, growth and reproduction of Corophium volutator (Pallas, 1766) were investigated. Amphipods were exposed for 100 d to 4 sublethal zinc concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mg l-1). Except for the highest concentration tested, zinc exposure did not affect the life-span of C. volutator, although the number of surviving amphipods decreased with increasing concentrations. Life expectancy at the end of the experiment differed at the various zinc exposure concentrations (p < 0.001). Zinc concentrations higher than 0.6 mg l-1 reduced longevity up to 20% in comparison with controls. Growth was also impaired. The degree of reduction in growth rate increased with increasing metal concentration. Amphipods exposed to 0.2 mg Zn l-1 exhibited a reduction of 6.4% in the specific growth rate (SGR), while those grown at 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg Zn l-1 exhibited reductions in SGR of 8, 9 and 24.6%, respectively. The length of mature amphipods was also reduced following zinc exposure (p < 0.05). Sex ratio was unaffected (p = 0.44), however maturation rates were slightly reduced and fertility was greatly impaired. Survival of ovigerous females and fertility were also affected by zinc when mature amphipods were exposed to these concentrations. The relationship between growth and reproduction as well as the use of growth as an endpoint in ecotoxicological studies is discussed.
Abstract.
Cordi B, Hyde P, Donkin ME, Price DN, Depledge MH (1999). Evaluation of in vivo thallus absorptance and chlorophyll fluorescence as biomarkers of UV-B exposure and effects in marine macroalgae from different tidal levels.
Marine Environmental Research,
48(3), 193-212.
Abstract:
Evaluation of in vivo thallus absorptance and chlorophyll fluorescence as biomarkers of UV-B exposure and effects in marine macroalgae from different tidal levels
A field survey and an outdoor experiment were conducted to evaluate the potential of chlorophyll fluorescence and in vivo absorptance spectra as biomarkers of short-term experimental and long-term solar UV radiation exposure in macroalgae. The eulittoral macroalga Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) (Rhodophyta) and the sublittoral macroalga Palmaria palmata (L.) (Rhodophyta) were collected at three different sites along a vertical transect on the beach and in the water column. Significant decreases in the absorptance spectra at 497 and 569 nm (consistent with the presence of R-phycoerythrin and/or carotenoids and phycoerythrobilin, respectively) occurred in P. palmata after exposure to elevated UV-B (2.7 Wm-2). Furthermore, depth-dependent decreases in thallus absorptance at specific wavelengths were found after all exposures, indicating that in vivo thallus absorptance may be a useful general indicator of UV exposure in conjunction with other biomarkers. Also, a depth-dependent decrease in F(v)/F(m) was detected in P. palmata. A 60% decrease in thallus absorptance and lack of recovery in chlorophyll fluorescence F(v)/F(m) ratio indicated irreversible damage to accessory pigments, chlorophyll a and photosystem II after exposure to elevated UV-B. Moreover, a depth-dependent increase in thallus absorptance between 290 and 325 nm was observed in P. palmata in response to short-term experimental elevated UV-B exposure and between 290 and 380 nm in response to long-term solar UV-B. In contrast, the eulittoral alga Porphyra umbilicalis exhibited a greater degree of tolerance of UV-B exposure. The results highlight the potentially damaging effects of high irradiances of photosynthetically active radiation and UV and the necessity of utilising several biomarkers when assessing the biological effects of UV-B irradiation associated with ozone depletion.
Abstract.
Bloxham MJ, Worsfold PJ, Depledge MH (1999). Integrated biological and chemical monitoring: in situ physiological responses of freshwater crayfish to fluctuations in environmental ammonia concentrations.
Ecotoxicology,
8(3), 225-237.
Abstract:
Integrated biological and chemical monitoring: in situ physiological responses of freshwater crayfish to fluctuations in environmental ammonia concentrations
A portable, computer-aided physiological monitoring system (CAPMON) has been integrated with an automated, flow injection (FI) based chemical monitor to enable continuous, long-term recording of cardiac activity in selected aquatic organisms, and total ammonia concentration in the surrounding environment. Heart rate of the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus was recorded using non-invasive infrared emitter/detectors to transduce heart beat from 4 animals simultaneously. Data were collected continuously and stored on a laptop computer. The chemical monitor incorporated a gas diffusion unit and a solid state photometric detector. Remote control and data processing were accomplished using an in-house designed microcomputer. The instrumentation was fully evaluated in the laboratory and the field and was shown to be capable of operating unattended for periods of at least 1 week. An exposure-response experiment showed that 4 h exposures to concentrations of ammonia greater than 5 mg l-1 had a significant stimulatory effect on heart rate (ANOVA F = 7.6; df = 5; P < 0.0005). The feasibility of using the system in situ was demonstrated in a 2 week field trial in which the integrated monitors were successfully deployed at a landfill leachate lagoon.
Abstract.
Brown RJ, Conradi M, Depledge MH (1999). Long-term exposure to 4-nonylphenol affects sexual differentiation and growth of the amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas, 1766).
Science of the Total Environment,
233(1-3), 77-88.
Abstract:
Long-term exposure to 4-nonylphenol affects sexual differentiation and growth of the amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas, 1766)
Concern has been growing recently over the aquatic toxicity and reproductive effects of the non-ionic surfactant 4-nonylphenol (NP). NP appears to interact with development in some crustaceans. Using exposure response experiments based on nominal NP concentrations, the 96-h LC50 for adult Corophium volutator, was 1670 μg l-1 (95% Cl 1370-2170 μg l-1). Juveniles were subsequently exposed to sublethal concentrations of NP for 120 days and effects on growth, sexual differentiation and reproduction were assessed. At the lowest NP exposure of 10 μg l-1 the density of surviving amphipods was reduced and growth was retarded. Fertility of female C. volutator increased in NP exposed populations. Sex ratio was not affected by NP exposure, however, the second antennae of exposed male animals were significantly longer than those of control animals (P
Abstract.
Handy RD, Depledge MH (1999). Physiological responses: Their measurement and use as environmental biomarkers in ecotoxicology.
Ecotoxicology,
8(5), 329-349.
Abstract:
Physiological responses: Their measurement and use as environmental biomarkers in ecotoxicology
This paper briefly reviews the utility of physiological measurements as biomarkers of pollutant exposure and biological effect, and then gives a step by step description of methodologies used to measure physiological parameters in mostly fish and invertebrates, but also higher vertebrates where appropriate. The effects of pollutants on respiratory, cardiovascular, osmoregulatory, and neuro-endocrine processes are relatively well described in laboratory experiments and some of these responses (particularly ventilation, heart rate, and also body ion fluxes) have been evaluated as biomonitors or potential biomarkers in the field. Physiological assays are especially useful for monitoring fluctuating or complex exposures, or acting as 'early warning' systems for acute events. Some biomarkers rely on a change in physiological response, and a prerequisite of such assay must be to establish the normal resting response in defined environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, pH, photoperiod, etc.). Biomarkers that rely on variability of response, rather than absolute values, may not require this 'laboratory calibration.' Methods are described for on line cardiovascular monitoring with shore crabs, field applications of closed respirometry and ion flux measurements with fish; and a range of blood parameters for animals including haemoglobin, haematocrit, cell counts, glucose, triglycerides, and protein from blood and organ perfusates. Each method includes a short critic of the approach.
Abstract.
Atienzar FA, Conradi M, Evenden AJ, Jha AN, Depledge MH (1999). Qualitative assessment of genotoxicity using random-amplified polymorphic DNA: Comparison of genomic template stability with key fitness parameters in Daphnia magna exposed to benzo[a]pyrene.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
18(10), 2275-2282.
Abstract:
Qualitative assessment of genotoxicity using random-amplified polymorphic DNA: Comparison of genomic template stability with key fitness parameters in Daphnia magna exposed to benzo[a]pyrene
A method of DNA profiling using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to assess toxicant-induced DNA effects in laboratory populations of Daphnia magna exposed to varying concentrations of the genotoxic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene. These effects, represented by changes in the RAPD profiles, were compared with a number of key ecological fitness parameters (age-specific survival, age-specific fecundity, net reproductive rate; and intrinsic rate of population increase). Not only was the RAPD profiling method shown to be a rapid and reproducible assay of toxicant- induced DNA effects, but the qualitative measure of genomic template stability compared favorably with the traditional indices of fitness. The RAPD profiles, however, exhibited higher sensitivity in detecting toxic effects. The significance of these findings for future ecotoxicological studies is discussed.
Abstract.
Lewis S, Handy RD, Cordi B, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH (1999). Stress proteins (HSP's): Methods of detection and their use as an environmental biomarker.
Ecotoxicology,
8(5), 351-368.
Abstract:
Stress proteins (HSP's): Methods of detection and their use as an environmental biomarker
This paper briefly reviews the nomenclature and application of stress proteins as biomarkers, then gives a step by step description of the popular methodologies used to measure stress protein in plant and animal tissues together with a critic of each approach and trouble shooting tips. Stress proteins (previously termed 'heat shock proteins'') are induced by many environmental stresses including exposure to trace metals or organic pollutants, changes in temperature or osmolarity, hypoxia/anoxia, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Stress proteins, especially hsp70 and hsp60, have been used as biomarkers in a range of algae, invertebrates, fish, and higher vertebrates. Several suggestions are made to improve the utility of stress proteins as a biomarker of exposure e.g. consideration of the kinetics of stress protein induction relative to the pharmacokinetics of pollutant accumulation in the organism of concern, and selection of the type of stress protein for biomonitoring. The methodologies described include sample preparation, western blotting, slot blotting, and antibody detection methods, especially for hsp70. Western blotting has been the most widely applied technique for assaying stress proteins but dot/slot blotting with the inclusion of an internal standard in each gel improves the approach by simplifying the technique - saving time and materials and producing a more quantitative result.
Abstract.
Curtis TM, Depledge MH, Williamson R (1999). Voltage-activated currents in cardiac myocytes of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - a Molecular and Integrative Physiology,
124(2), 231-241.
Abstract:
Voltage-activated currents in cardiac myocytes of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis
Voltage-sensitive ionic currents were identified and characterised in ventricular myocytes of the bivalve mollusc, Mytilus edulis, using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Two outward currents could be distinguished. A potassium a current (I(A)) activated at -30 mV from a holding potential of -60 mV. This transient current was inactivated by holding the cells at a potential of -40 mV and was also blocked by applying 4-aminopyridine (3 mM) to the external bath solution. A second current was identified as a delayed rectifier (I(K)). This also activated at -30 mV but exhibited a sustained time course and was still activated at a holding potential of -40 mV. Both outward currents were reduced in the presence of tetraethylammonium ions (30 mM). A small number of heart cells also showed an inward sodium current (I(Na)). This current appeared at potentials more positive than -50 mV, reached a maximum at -20 mV, and decreased with further depolarisation. I(Na) was inactivated at a holding potential of -40 mV and was blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 μM). A second inward current had a sustained time course and was not inactivated by holding the cell at a potential of -40 mV, and was also not abolished by tetrodotoxin. This current peaked at 0 mV, decreasing with further depolarisation. Furthermore, it was enhanced by the addition of barium ions (3 mM) to the bath and was blocked by external cobalt (2 mM) or nifedipine (15 μM). These findings are consistent with this being an L-type calcium current (I(Ca)). The possible physiological roles of these currents in M. edulis heart are discussed. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc.
Abstract.
Lundebye AK, Depledge MH (1998). Automated interpulse duration assessment (AIDA) in the shore crab Carcinus maenas in response to copper exposure.
MARINE BIOLOGY,
130(4), 613-620.
Author URL.
Pedersen SN, Pedersen KL, Højrup P, Knudsen J, Depledge MH (1998). Induction and identification of cadmium-, zinc- and copper-metallothioneins in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.).
Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol,
120(2), 251-259.
Abstract:
Induction and identification of cadmium-, zinc- and copper-metallothioneins in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.).
Shore crabs Carcinus maenas were injected with either Cd, Cu or Zn to determine whether different metals could induce specific metallothionein (MT) isoforms in the midgut gland. Furthermore, the relative ability of the three metals to induce MT was quantified. Accumulation of the three metals in the midgut gland caused variable and in the case of Cd and Zn significant increases in MT levels. The increase in MT levels (pmol g-1 midgut gland) per nmol of metal accumulated was determined as 90, 60 and 4 pmol for Cd, Zn, and Cu respectively. The MT isoforms were purified using a combination of acetone precipitation, FPLC and reverse phase HPLC. In contrast to Cd and Zn induced MTs, the Cu induced MT was highly susceptible to oxidation during purification. The induced MT isoforms were characterized by N-terminal amino acid sequencing and mass-spectrometry. All three metals induced the same identical isoform MTIa.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Billinghurst Z, Clare AS, Fileman T, Mcevoy J, Readman J, Depledge MH (1998). Inhibition of barnacle settlement by the environmental oestrogen 4-nonylphenol and the natural oestrogen 17β oestradiol.
Marine Pollution Bulletin,
36(10), 833-839.
Abstract:
Inhibition of barnacle settlement by the environmental oestrogen 4-nonylphenol and the natural oestrogen 17β oestradiol
The present study examines the effect of a known environmental oestrogen, 4-nonylphenol, on the settlement of the cypris larva of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite. Cypris larvae were exposed to 4-nonylphenol in a nominal concentration range of 0.01-10.0 μg l-1. Definitive concentrations of 4-nonylphenol in the test solutions were determined by GC/MS. Cyprid settlement was reduced significantly within this concentration range, following incubation at both 25°C and 28°C for 24-48 h. A naturally occurring oestrogen, 17β oestradiol, was used as a positive control, in the concentration range 0.01-10.0 μg l-1. Larval settlement was inhibited by 17β oestradiol, but the trend was the opposite to that seen with 4-nonylphenol. No evidence of endocrine disruption was demonstrated, but significant inhibition of larval settlement by both 4-nonylphenol and 17β oestradiol indicated that the compounds may have toxic effects at environmentally realistic and naturally occurring concentrations. The potential for endocrine disruption being more significant at different developmental stages in barnacles is discussed.
Abstract.
Conradi M, Depledge MH (1998). Population responses of the marine amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas, 1766) to copper.
Aquatic Toxicology,
44(1-2), 31-45.
Abstract:
Population responses of the marine amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas, 1766) to copper
The effects of copper concentrations on the life-history, growth and reproduction of Corophium volutator were investigated. Amphipods were exposed for 100 days to five sublethal copper concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mg l-1). Copper exposure significantly reduced the age-specific survivorship and longevity (P
Abstract.
Depledge MH (1998). Recovery of ecosystems and their components following exposure to pollution.
Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery,
6(3), 199-206.
Abstract:
Recovery of ecosystems and their components following exposure to pollution
Effective environmental management practices reduce anthropogenic chemical impacts in ecosystems and lead to the onset of recovery. Recovery proceeds at different rates and to different extents at each level of biological organisation (molecular, cellular, individual, population, community, ecosystem). Consequently, environmental assessments made at one level of organisation may not indicate the progress of recovery processes at other levels. The course of recovery of populations and communities is usually monitored using routine ecological procedures. As pollutant exposure often results in residual effects which may influence the subsequent ability of ecosystems and their components to respond to new environmental challenges, it is proposed that a more relevant strategy would be to measure biomarkers to assess recovery at the individual level and below, determine pollution induced community tolerance and analyse community composition. It is also proposed that environmental managers aim to re-establish essential and desirable features of ecosystems (important structural components and functions (nutrient cycling, biodegradation rates, etc), restore biodiversity), rather than attempting to achieve full recovery, as the latter may waste valuable resources.
Abstract.
Depledge MH (1998). The ecotoxicological significance of genotoxicity in marine invertebrates.
Mutat Res,
399(1), 109-122.
Abstract:
The ecotoxicological significance of genotoxicity in marine invertebrates.
Attention is drawn to the goals of genetic ecotoxicology, in particular, the need to relate genotoxicity in individuals to population and community level consequences. The evidence for pollutant-induced genotoxicity in marine invertebrates is reviewed. Neoplasia is apparently rare in marine invertebrates and only limited evidence is available to suggest that chemical genotoxins act as causative agents. It is unknown why marine invertebrates exhibit low tumour incidences and are much more tolerant of ionising radiation than their vertebrate counterparts. The importance of the genotoxic disease syndrome is highlighted. Disentangling phenotypic manifestations of genotoxic damage and that due to direct metabolic toxicity provides a major challenge for the future. Further work is required to assess the significance of interspecific and interindividual variability in susceptibility to genotoxicity, especially with regard to the evolution of resistant populations and communities of marine organisms at contaminated sites. Only by addressing the issues highlighted above can proper risk assessments of genotoxic agents be performed to minimise threats to human and ecosystem health.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Andersen JL, Depledge MH (1997). A survey of total mercury and methylmercury in edible fish and invertebrates from Azorean waters.
Marine Environmental Research,
44(3), 331-350.
Abstract:
A survey of total mercury and methylmercury in edible fish and invertebrates from Azorean waters
Levels of total mercury and methylmercury were determined in invertebrates and edible fish collected during 1993-1994 in Sao Miguel Island in the Azores. Among the invertebrates, the highest mean concentrations of total mercury (0.864 and 1.265 μg g-1 dry weight, respectively) were found in the gills and midgut gland of the edible crab (Cancer pagurus). The proportion of total mercury present as the methylated form in invertebrates varied widely between species, and with trophic position. Apart from white seabream (Diplodus sargus cadenati) the mean total mercury concentrations found in muscle tissues of the fish studied were generally low, ranging between 0.043 and 0.371 μg g-1 wet wt. Extreme inter-individual variability in mercury concentrations was found in white seabream of intermediate size, levels ranging between 0.132 and 24.61 μg g-1 wet wt. The particularly elevated mercury concentrations found in certain individuals of white seabream may be derived from local hot spot area(s) with raised environmental mercury levels. Methylmercury was the major form of the element accumulated in fish, comprising on average more than 80% of the total mercury. The selenium concentration in white seabream was significantly correlated to the total mercury concentration, although molar ratios of the two elements varied markedly between individual fish.
Abstract.
Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Depledge MH (1997). Changes in the tissue concentrations and contents of calcium copper and zinc in the shore crab carcinus maenas (L.) (Crustacea: Decapoda) during the moult cycle and following copper exposure during ecdysis.
Marine Environmental Research,
44(4), 397-414.
Abstract:
Changes in the tissue concentrations and contents of calcium copper and zinc in the shore crab carcinus maenas (L.) (Crustacea: Decapoda) during the moult cycle and following copper exposure during ecdysis
The tissue concentrations and contents of calcium, copper and zinc were determined at different stages in the moult cycle of the shore crab Carcinus maenas. The crabs were dissected into the following tissues: the midgut gland the gill, the 'rest tissue' (the latter defined as the left over tissue, i.e. muscles and exoskeleton), and the haemolymph, and analysed as such. One group of crabs was maintained in clean seawater. In these crabs, calcium was lost from haemolymph during premoult and apparently stored in the midgut gland. At ecdysis approximately 90% of the whole body calcium content was lost with the exuviae while the haemolymph calcium content doubled. During early postmoult calcium stored in the midgut gland was used in combination with calcium absorbed from the surrounding seawater for a rapid calcification of the new exoskeleton. Both the copper and zinc concentrations declined in the 'rest tissue' compartment during premoult. At ecdysis the haemolymph copper and zinc contents increased 35 and 86%, respectively, from premoult to the newly moult stage. At the same time, however, the copper and zinc haemolymph concentrations decreased. During postmoult, copper (25%) and zinc (45%) were lost from haemolymph and mainly excreted but a minor fraction (5-10%) was stored in the midgut gland. A second group of crabs was maintained in copper-contaminated seawater (0.1 mg l-1) during ecdysis and postmoult. Following exposure of the animals to raised ambient levels of copper, the calcium and zinc contents of the midgut gland were reduced while the copper contents of the midgut gland and most other tissues were increased in comparison to crabs held in clean seawater.
Abstract.
Attrill MJ, Depledge MH (1997). Community and population indicators of ecosystem health: Targeting links between levels of biological organisation.
Aquatic Toxicology,
38(1-3), 183-197.
Abstract:
Community and population indicators of ecosystem health: Targeting links between levels of biological organisation
Risk assessments have regularly utilised analysis at the community level as a tool for determining the health of an aquatic system. Using relevant examples, the pros and cons of community level investigation are reviewed, highlighting both the recent advances employing coarse levels of taxonomic identity and the suitability of fish communities for such analyses. Community structure, however, is merely an expression of variation in the populations of the constituent species and the response of these populations to environmental stress. In turn, the maintenance of populations is dictated by the input of individuals within that population in terms of growth (biomass) and reproductive output (persistence), parameters which can provide useful information on the health of a system. It is therefore important to explore the mechanisms linking the different levels of biological organisation to understand how individual toxicological responses may be expressed at the community level and conversely what mechanisms are producing observed community structures in stressed systems. This also has consequences in terms of risk assessment, determining which level of organisation provides the most sensitive and robust method of assessing environmental health.
Abstract.
Lundebye AK, Curtis TM, Braven J, Depledge MH (1997). Effects of the organophosphorous pesticide, dimethoate, on cardiac and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the shore crab Carcinus maenas.
Aquatic Toxicology,
40(1), 23-36.
Abstract:
Effects of the organophosphorous pesticide, dimethoate, on cardiac and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the shore crab Carcinus maenas
The potential use of biochemical and physiological responses as biomarkers of organophosphate exposure and/or effect were assessed in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas). Male crabs were assigned to one of four dimethoate treatments (0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg l-1). Cardiac activity was measured non-invasively before and during dimethoate exposure using automated interpulse duration assessment. Heart rates decreased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Serial measurements of acetylcholinesterase activity in haemolymph samples taken from crabs before and after exposure indicated that 2 mg l-1 dimethoate also significantly reduced acetylcholinesterase activity (p < 0.05). The percentage inhibition in acetylcholinesterase activity was correlated with the percentage reduction in heart rate following dimethoate exposure (r = 0.55, p < 0.01). This suggests that organophosphates may directly effect neuronal control of the heart. The experiments indicate that non-destructive, serial measurements of cardiac activity and acetylcholinesterase activity are valuable biomarkers of organophosphate exposure and adverse effects.
Abstract.
Bamber SD, Depledge MH (1997). Evaluation of changes in the adaptive physiology of shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) as an indicator of pollution in estuarine environments.
Marine Biology,
129(4), 667-672.
Abstract:
Evaluation of changes in the adaptive physiology of shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) as an indicator of pollution in estuarine environments
The major objective of this study was to determine whether there were significant differences in the physiological responses of shore crabs (Carcinus maenas L.) sampled from environments with varying degrees of contamination. Crabs collected from a range of sites were subjected to a standardised, environmentally realistic sequence of physiological challenges in the laboratory to determine if such measures would prove sensitive enough to differentiate among the sites. Heart-rate changes and osmoregulatory ability were measured. The results indicated that changes in osmoregulatory ability were sufficiently sensitive to detect differences in environmental contamination. The utility of physiological measurements in environmental monitoring is discussed.
Abstract.
Cordi B, Depledge MH, Price DN, Salter LF, Donkin ME (1997). Evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence, in vivo spectrophotometric pigment absorption and ion leakage as biomarkers of UV-B exposure in marine macroalgae.
Marine Biology,
130(1), 41-49.
Abstract:
Evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence, in vivo spectrophotometric pigment absorption and ion leakage as biomarkers of UV-B exposure in marine macroalgae
The photosynthetic fluorescence ratio F(v):F(m), in vivo absorption spectra and ion leakage were evaluated as biomarkers of ambient and elevated UV-B (280 to 320 nm) exposure of the intertidal alga Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta) and the sublittoral alga Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). Measurements of thallus growth were also used to assess adverse biological effects. Ambient and elevated UV-B significantly inhibited photosynthesis in both species. It was shown that the F(v):F(m) ratio is a sensitive, non-specific general biomarker of UV-B exposure in both species. Moreover, the in vivo absorption of what was tentatively identified as chlorophylls a and b as well as phycoerythrin and/or carotenoids, phycoerythrobilin and phycocyanin decreased in a dose-response dependent manner and was associated with a decrease in growth rate in P. palmata. The intertidal alga E. intestinalis showed a greater degree of tolerance to UV-B exposure. These results indicate that changes in the F(v):F(m) ratio together with reductions in in vivo pigment absorption could provide an early quantitative warning of the detrimental effects of UV-B in marine macroalgae.
Abstract.
Pedersen SN, Lundebye AK, Depledge MH (1997). Field application of metallothionein and stress protein biomarkers in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) exposed to trace metals.
Aquatic Toxicology,
37(2-3), 183-200.
Abstract:
Field application of metallothionein and stress protein biomarkers in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) exposed to trace metals
A field study was conducted to assess the potential use of metallothionein (MT) and stress proteins (stress-70) as biomarkers of trace metal exposure and adverse effects. Shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) were collected from five sites: three located in the metal-contaminated Fal Estuary and two control sites located in estuaries along the Devon coast (Southwest England). MT concentrations were determined using either a direct method in which MT was quantified by spectrophotometric measurement of SH content, or an indirect method in which MT concentrations were estimated by measuring copper and zinc bound to partially purified MT. The two techniques yielded similar results. Stress protein levels (stress-70) were determined in crab gills using an improved western blotting procedure. Midgut gland copper concentrations were elevated (compared to values in controls) in crabs from the Fal Estuary. No differences in midgut gland zinc concentrations were evident in crabs collected from the five sites. Copper MT concentrations in midgut gland were elevated in crabs from the metal-contaminated Fal Estuary (compared to concentrations in crabs from other sites). However, differences in metal contamination among sites within the Fal Estuary were revealed only when the ratio of cytosolic zinc to copper was examined. Both copper and zinc concentrations in gill tissue reflected the trends in metal contamination in the underlying sediment. Similarly, both copper and zinc MT concentrations measured in gills reflected the copper and zinc exposure gradients. In contrast, stress-70 levels in gills did not appear to correlate with the degree of trace metal exposure. The findings are discussed with regard to the interpretation and potential use of biomarker responses as tools for use in ecological impact assessments.
Abstract.
Evenden AJ, Depledge MH (1997). Genetic susceptibility in ecosystems: the challenge for ecotoxicology.
Environ Health Perspect,
105 Suppl 4, 849-854.
Abstract:
Genetic susceptibility in ecosystems: the challenge for ecotoxicology.
Environmental management is inevitably complicated by the large variation in susceptibility to chemical toxicity exhibited by the living components of ecosystems, a significant proportion of which is determined by genetic factors. This paper examines the concept of genetic susceptibility in ecosystems and suggests the existence of two distinct forms reflecting genetic changes at the level of the individual and at the level of population and community. The influence of genetic susceptibility on exposure-response curves is discussed and the consequent accuracy of data used for toxicity test-based risk assessments examined. The paper concludes by describing a possible biomarker-based approach to future studies of susceptibility in ecosystems, suggesting the use of modern molecular genetic methods.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Bloxham MJ, Depledge MH, Worsfold PJ (1997). In situ flow-Injection monitoring of ammonia in landfill leachate.
Laboratory Robotics and Automation,
9(4), 175-183.
Abstract:
In situ flow-Injection monitoring of ammonia in landfill leachate
Aportable, 12 Vbattery-powered,automated spectrophotometric field monitor has been developed that permits the continuous long-term recording of the total ammonia concentration in the surrounding aquatic environment. The flow-injection (FI)-based monitor incorporates a gas diffusion unit and an acceptor stream containing an acid-base indicator. The detection system utilizes a red solid-state light-emitting diode source and photodiode detector. Remote control and data processing are achieved by an inhouse-designed microcomputer system. The instrumentation was fully evaluated in the laboratory and was shown to operate unattended for periods of up to 1 week (analyzing every hour) before battery charging and reagent replacement were required. The precision and accuracy of the chemical monitor was examined by continuously analyzing a sample of a known ammonia concentration (80.0 mg L-1 NH3-N) at 60 minute intervals over a 7 day period (n = 170). The calculated mean concentration was 79.0 mg L-1 (using 50 and 150 mg L-1 standards) with an RSD of 5.2%. The detection limit (3σ) was determined as 2.5 mg L-1. The feasibility of using the system in situ was demonstrated by a 2 week field trial in which the automated field monitor was successfully deployed at a landfill leachate lagoon. Data from the trial are presented, and the potential applications of the system in environmental management are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Abstract.
Casini S, Depledge MH (1997). Influence of copper, zinc, and iron on cadmium accumulation in the Talitrid amphipod, Platorchestia platensis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59(3), 500-506.
Curtis TM, Williamson R, Depledge MH (1997). Ionic currents in ventricular myocytes of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON,
504P, P12-P12.
Author URL.
Cobb CS, Curtis TM, Williamson R, Depledge MH (1997). Non-invasive recording of embryo activity in the egg of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis.
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON,
504P, P3-P3.
Author URL.
Bamber SD, Depledge MH (1997). Responses of shore crabs to physiological challenges following exposure to selected environmental contaminants.
Aquatic Toxicology,
40(1), 79-92.
Abstract:
Responses of shore crabs to physiological challenges following exposure to selected environmental contaminants
The major objective of this study was to determine whether sub-lethal effects of contaminant exposure could be detected in crabs subjected to standardised, environmentally realistic physiological challenges in the laboratory. Heart rate changes, associated with transition from rest to physical exercise, together with osmoregulatory ability were assessed and used as measures of the physiological competence of crabs following exposure to various concentrations of copper, arsenite and benzo[a]pryrene (B[a]P). Increasing concentrations of copper caused a corresponding increase in the heart rate of both resting crabs and crabs subjected to physical stress, suggesting an impairment to one or more of the processes associated with normal respiratory functioning. Furthermore, exposure of crabs to copper was clearly detrimental to osmoregulatory ability, with a concentration of 0.1 mg l-1 sufficient to cause greater reduction in haemolymph osmolality than that recorded for control animals exposed to similar low salinity conditions. The mean heart rate of crabs exposed to increasing concentrations of arsenite decreased under both rest and stress conditions, suggesting an impairment to one or more of the control processes associated with cardiac physiology. Arsenite appeared to have little impact on the osmoregulatory ability of crabs, even at a concentration of 1 mg l-1. No significant impairment of either cardiac performance or osmoregulatory capability was observed in crabs exposed to relatively high doses of B[a]P, leading to the conclusion that acute exposure to B[a]P poses little immediate toxic threat to the physiological processes controlling heart rate and osmoregulation in adult shore crabs.
Abstract.
Abelló P, Aagaard A, Warman CG, Depledge MH (1997). Spatial variability in the population structure of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Brachyura) in a shallow-water, weakly tidal fjord.
Marine Ecology Progress Series,
147(1-3), 97-103.
Abstract:
Spatial variability in the population structure of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Brachyura) in a shallow-water, weakly tidal fjord
The spatial variability in population structure of the shore crab Carcinus maenas was studied in a shallow-water fjord in the island of Fyn, Denmark. The fjord comprises an enclosed area which is geomorphologically divided into a shallow cove (mean depth 2 m), known as Kertinge Nor, and a deeper narrow area, closer to the open sea, known as Kerteminde Fjord Tidal range is small (ca 20 cm). Sex-ratio favoured males at most of the sites sampled with the exception of the inland slope between the shallow Kertinge Nor and the deeper Kerteminde Fjord, which apparently was a spawning site. Crab densities were much higher in Kerteminde Fjord than in the shallower Kertinge Nor. Ventral carapace colour varied between green and orange-red, with the proportion of the green morphotype increasing with increasing distance from the open sea. Analysis of the population size structure identified 3 differentiated areas for both male and female crabs. Sites closer to the mouth of the fjord were characterized by a numerical dominance of small crabs, whereas crabs in Kertinge Nor were clearly of a much larger size. Sites in Kerteminde Fjord were characterized by a wider range of sizes. Some crabs in Kerteminde Fjord carried epibionts on the carapace, but those were absent in crabs from Kertinge Nor; moreover, a few crabs in Kertinge Nor carried Mytilus edulis byssus threads indicating that epibionts had fallen from the carapaces. Thus, population structure characteristics, such as colour morphotype proportions, size structure and occurrence of epibionts, are in accordance with the occurrence of a high degree of environmental variability in the area decreasing towards the mouth of the fjord and the open sea.
Abstract.
Lundebye AK, Langston WJ, Depledge MH (1997). Stress proteins and condition index as biomarkers of tributyltin exposure and effect in mussels.
Ecotoxicology,
6(3), 127-136.
Abstract:
Stress proteins and condition index as biomarkers of tributyltin exposure and effect in mussels
Organotin concentrations (TBT and DBT) were determined in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from five sites around the island of Fyn, Denmark. The relative stress protein levels were measured in gill tissue and four condition indices (CIs) were calculated for each individual mussel. The stress-70 levels did not vary significantly between sites, whereas the chaperonin levels (stress-60) were significantly elevated in mussels from Odense Fjord (p < 0.001). The stress protein levels did not reflect the degree of TBT or Σ TBT + DBT contamination of mussel tissues. The TBT and DBT concentrations (expressed as tin) in mussels from the five sites were in the ranges 0.15-2.17 and 0.1-4.2 μg Sn per g dry weight, respectively. The combined TBT + DBT values were in the range 0.32-4.92 μg Sn per g dry weight. None of the CIs measured differed significantly with respect to the sampling site, nor were they correlated with the relative stress protein levels. The four CIs were highly consistent within individual animals. The soft tissue dry weight/total weight - shell weight condition index proved to be the easiest to measure. This preliminary study indicates that interpretation of stress protein biomarker responses requires further detailed elucidation before they can be usefully incorporated in routine environmental monitoring programmes.
Abstract.
Cordi B, Fossi C, Depledge M (1997). Temporal biomarker responses in wild passerine birds exposed to pesticide spray drift.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
16(10), 2118-2124.
Abstract:
Temporal biomarker responses in wild passerine birds exposed to pesticide spray drift
A field study was conducted to assess the degree of exposure experienced by nestling and adult great tits, (Parus major) to spray drift of pirimicarb and dimethoate. Nondestructive assays of serum esterases, serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carboxylesterase (CbE) were used as exposure biomarkers and measurements of weight gain and survival were made to assess adverse biological effects. Nest boxes were placed in hedgerows bordering fields sprayed with pesticides (either pirimicarb or dimethoate). One hedge was sprayed directly with pirimicarb to simulate maximum drift effect. Two hedges were left untreated to serve as control areas. The concentrations of the two insecticides were within the recommended dose for cereals. Significant inhibition of BChE activity was detected within 24 h in adult birds exposed to drift of dimethoate and in adult birds from the hedge sprayed directly with pirimicarb. Highly significant correlations were found between the weight of unexposed nestlings and BChE and CbE activity, indicating that a developmental increase in enzyme activities is correlated with the growth rate of the nestlings. Inhibition in nestling BChE activity was found in all treated hedges after 24 h. A tendency of reduced weight gain was found in nestlings both between 0 to 24 h and 24 to 48 h after treatment in all the treated hedges compared to nestlings from the control hedge (p > 0.07). These results indicate the potential of pesticide drift to reduce growth rate and survival of juvenile wild passerine birds.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Lundebye AK, Curtis T, Aagaard A, Andersen BB (1996). Automated Interpulse-Duration Assessment (AIDA): a new technique for detecting disturbances in cardiac activity in selected macroinvertebrates.
Marine Biology,
126(2), 313-319.
Abstract:
Automated Interpulse-Duration Assessment (AIDA): a new technique for detecting disturbances in cardiac activity in selected macroinvertebrates
An Automated Interpulse Duration Assessment system (AIDA) is described which permits detection of irregularities in cardiac rhythms in selected invertebrates. The sensitivity of AIDA was demonstrated by its ability to detect handling stress in mussels (Mytilus edulis) that was not evident when measuring heart rate alone. Changes in cardiac activity patterns of crabs (Carcinus maenas) held in the laboratory for up to 10 wk was also examined using the new technique. The frequency distribution of interpulse duration changed significantly as the nutritional state changed. Potential applications of the AIDA system are discussed.
Abstract.
Styrishave B, Depledge MR (1996). Evaluation of mercury-induced changes in circadian heart rate rhythms in the freshwater crab, Potamon potamios and the crayfish, Astacus astacus as an early predictor of mortality.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - a Physiology,
115(4), 349-356.
Abstract:
Evaluation of mercury-induced changes in circadian heart rate rhythms in the freshwater crab, Potamon potamios and the crayfish, Astacus astacus as an early predictor of mortality
The influence of mercury on the expression of circadian rhythmicity in heart rate was investigated in the freshwater crab, Potamon potamios and the crayfish, Astacus astacus. This was made possible by the use of an on-line, computer-aided physiological monitoring (CAPMON) system. The effects of Hg2+ on light driven (12:12 hr light:dark regimen) circadian rhythmicity in heart rate were examined. In both Potamon potamios and Astacus astacus, exposure to HgCl2 was almost invariably associated with increased heart rate during daytime to levels similar to those at night. Rhythmicity was lost and death ensued in the following hours or days. This response was largely independent of exposure time and mercury concentrations. In those individuals that survived mercury exposure little or no change in the degree of circadian rhythmicity in heart rate was detected. Thus, loss in circadian rhythmicity of heart rate can be utilised as an early indicator for mercury toxicity.
Abstract.
Depledge MH (1996). Genetic ecotoxicology: an overview.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,
200(1-2), 57-66.
Abstract:
Genetic ecotoxicology: an overview
The techniques currently available for detecting genotoxin exposure are briefly described and evaluated with regard to the goals of genetic ecotoxicology. The occurrence and significance of genotoxin-induced neoplasia in marine organisms is described. Although there are numerous examples of hotspots where tumour incidences in fish and shellfish have been correlated with raised concentrations of anthropogenic chemicals, causal mechanisms are seldom established. Insufficient information is available to gauge the seriousness of genotoxicity for marine organisms on regional or global scales. The possibility of using marine organisms as sentinels to provide early warning of potential threats to Man is examined. Recognition of the genotoxic disease syndrome in lower animals highlights the need to explore the relationships between DNA damage (adduct formation, gene mutations, etc.) and its phenotypic consequences. Within a given population, not all individuals are equally susceptible to pollutant toxicity (including genotoxicity). The potential for using similarities in phenotypic traits to recognise subsets of individuals within populations possessing similar genotypes is discussed. Changes in heterozygosity and the evolution of genetically resistant populations following exposure to pollution are evaluated in the context of genetic ecotoxicology. Risk assessment procedures are required which enable genotoxin exposure to be related to specific consequences at the community and ecosystem levels. This necessitates both a sound scientific understanding of the mechanisms involved and the development of pragmatic ecotoxicological tools that can be employed by environmental managers.
Abstract.
Gray JS, Depledge M, Knap A (1996). Global climate controversy.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION,
276(5), 372-373.
Author URL.
Fossi MC, Casini S, Savelli C, Lari L, Corsi I, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Mattei N, Franchi E, Depledge M, Bamber S, et al (1996). Multi-trial biomarker approach using Carcinus aestuarii to evaluate toxicological risk due to Mediterranean contaminants: Field and experimental studies.
Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,
5(11-12), 706-711.
Abstract:
Multi-trial biomarker approach using Carcinus aestuarii to evaluate toxicological risk due to Mediterranean contaminants: Field and experimental studies
The aim of this study was to test and validate a multi-trial biomarker approach for the evaluation of toxicological risk due to the main contaminants in the Mediterranean sea (PCBs, PAHs, Hg) by using a crab Carcinus aestuarii as bioindicator organism in field and experimental studies. Three different experiment, the first two in the laboratory and the third in the field were performed.
Abstract.
Møller V, Forbes VE, Depledge MH (1996). Population responses to acute and chronic cadmium exposure in sexual and asexual estuarine gastropods.
Ecotoxicology,
5(5), 313-326.
Abstract:
Population responses to acute and chronic cadmium exposure in sexual and asexual estuarine gastropods
The acute lethal and chronic sublethal responses of sexual (Hydrobia ventrosa) and asexual (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) gastropod populations to cadmium exposure were examined. Three questions were addressed: (i) are there differences in responses of sexual and asexual populations; (ii) are the response patterns similar in lethal and sublethal exposure conditions; and (iii) how does preexposure to cadmium influence these responses. No differences between the two species in mean acute tolerance (LC50) could be detected, but a significant difference was found between the slopes of the concentration-response curves. The steeper slope for P. antipodarium indicated a more uniform response for the asexual species than for H. ventrosa. In the sublethal experiment there was a significant difference in mean growth rate where, in general, P. antipodarum grew faster than H. ventrosa. P. antipodarum was more affected by cadmium at the low cadmium exposure, whereas growth rates were reduced equally for the two species at the high cadmium concentration. Pre-exposure to cadmium did not increase the tolerance to chronic exposure in either of the species, but P. antipodarum exhibited a tendency toward increased tolerance to acute cadmium stress after pre-exposure. The results show that there are differences between these closely related sexual and asexual species in response to cadmium, and that these differences are more pronounced under chronic sublethal exposure conditions.
Abstract.
Pedersen SN, Pedersen KL, Højrup P, Depledge MH, Knudsen J (1996). Primary structures of decapod crustacean metallothioneins with special emphasis on freshwater and semi-terrestrial species.
Biochem J,
319 ( Pt 3), 999-1003.
Abstract:
Primary structures of decapod crustacean metallothioneins with special emphasis on freshwater and semi-terrestrial species.
Cadmium injections induced only a single form of metallothionein (MT) in the midgut gland of Potamon potamios, whereas the same treatment induced two isoforms in Astacus astacus. The only difference between the two latter isoforms was that one had an extra N-terminal methionine residue. MT from P. potamios showed structural differences from other decapod crustacean MTs. It contained a Gly-Thr motif at positions 8 and 8a, which had previously been found only in certain vertebrate and molluscan MTs. Furthermore P. potamios MT contained two to three times as many glutamic acid residues as normally found in decapod crustacean MT. The primary structure of MT from the freshwater crayfish A. astacus showed a high degree of sequence identity with MT from other decapod crustaceans, especially the marine astacidean Homarus americanus, although two valine residues were unexpectedly found at positions 8 and 21, where lysine residues are normally found.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Lowe DM, Fossato VU, Depledge MH (1995). Contaminant-induced lysosomal membrane damage in blood cells of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Venice Lagoon: an in vitro study.
Marine Ecology Progress Series,
129(1-3), 189-196.
Abstract:
Contaminant-induced lysosomal membrane damage in blood cells of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Venice Lagoon: an in vitro study
Retention of the cationic probe neutral red within the lysosomal compartment over time was used as a measure of damage to the lysosomal membrane. Multi-stepwise regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between altered cellular physiology and total body burdens of contaminants. Organochlorines, mercury and cobalt were the principle factors involved in evoking pathological responses. -from Authors
Abstract.
Aagaard A, Warman CG, Depledge MH, Naylor E (1995). Dissociation of Heart Rate and Locomotor Activity During the Expression of Rhythmic Behaviour in the Shore Crab Carcinus Maenas.
Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology,
26(1), 1-10.
Abstract:
Dissociation of Heart Rate and Locomotor Activity During the Expression of Rhythmic Behaviour in the Shore Crab Carcinus Maenas
Expression of endogenous rhythms in heart rate and locomotor activity were examined in male Carcinus maenas (Brachyura, Crustacea). Heart rate was monitored in immobilised and free moving crabs using a non-invasive, infrared transducer system. Temporal relations between changes in heart rate and alterations in locomotor activity were investigated using a computer-aided video system to track movements of crabs whilst simultaneously monitoring cardiac activity. Mean heart rates of immobilised and free moving crabs were 63.9 ±23.7 beats per minute and 44.3 ± 13.4 beats per minute respectively. Endogenous circatidal rhythms in heart rate were detected in both immobilised and free moving individuals. Highest heart rates occurred at expected high tide times. A circadian heart rate rhythm was also evident with highest rates occurring during the hours of darkness. Some crabs, however, failed to express endogenous rhythms. When crabs became active, heart rate usually increased during the following 60 seconds. In some cases, however, heart rate increased 1-3 minutes prior to the initiation of locomotor activity. The findings are discussed with regard to the behaviour of C. maenas in the field. © 1995, Taylor & Francis Group. All right reserved.
Abstract.
FORBES VE, MOLLER V, DEPLEDGE MH (1995). INTRAPOPULATION VARIABILITY IN SUBLETHAL RESPONSE TO HEAVY-METAL STRESS IN SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL GASTROPOD POPULATIONS.
FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY,
9(3), 477-484.
Author URL.
Lundebye AK, Vedel GR, Krogsdam Christensen AM, Kristiansen K, Hunter D, Depledge MH (1995). Improved quantification of stress proteins by western blotting.
Analytica Chimica Acta,
311(1), 109-114.
Abstract:
Improved quantification of stress proteins by western blotting
An improved method for the semi-quantification of stress protein biomarkers by western blotting is described. The construction of a calibration curve on each gel (using a standard) to calculate relative stress protein levels improved reproducibility of results both within and among blots. Variability in relative stress protein levels of replicate samples run on separate gels was reduced from ca. 24% to 13% when related to a calibration curve rather than being based on direct comparison of absorbance units. Within blot variability was reduced from 5.2-11.7% to 3.4-6.8% by calibrating stress-70 levels. The potential significance of this methodological development is discussed with regard to the literature. © 1995.
Abstract.
Aagaard A, Warman CG, Depledge MH (1995). Tidal and seasonal changes in the temporal and spatial distribution of foraging Carcinus maenas in the weakly tidal littoral zone of Kerteminde Fjord, Denmark. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 122(1-3), 165-172.
Kure LK, Depledge MH (1994). Accumulation of organotin in Littorina littorea and Mya arenaria from Danish coastal waters.
Environ Pollut,
84(2), 149-157.
Abstract:
Accumulation of organotin in Littorina littorea and Mya arenaria from Danish coastal waters.
Organotin concentrations were determined in seawater, sediment and selected molluscs collected from the vicinity of the island of Fyn, Denmark. The extent of organotin contamination varied with the proximity of sampling sites to marinas and commercial shipping activities. Seasonal reductions in environmental TBT concentrations coincided with removal of pleasure craft from marinas during the winter season. At marina sites, concentration factors for TBT were 150-1500 for sediment and 500-10,000 for Littorina littorea (compared with seawater concentrations). Away from marina sites, Mya arenaria concentrated TBT by a factor of 57,000 to 220,000. The concentrations of TBT in M. arenaria from relatively clean sites were more than 10 times higher than found in L. littorea from heavily polluted marinas. M. arenaria were absent from marina sites and their immediate surroundings. of the total organotin found in M. arenaria throughout the year, 80-90% was in the form of TBT. In contrast, in L. littorea approximately 60-70% of the total organotin was present as TBT in spring, but this proportion fell to 20-40% during autumn and winter. M. arenaria shows potential as a bioindicator organism of TBT pollution as it appears to have a very limited ability to metabolise and eliminate TBT, yet can tolerate quite high levels of TBT exposure. L. littorea might be used as a bioindicator of short-term fluctuations in TBT concentrations at heavily polluted sites. It is concluded that continued presence of TBT in the Danish coastal ecosystem may still pose an ecotoxicological threat.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Andersen JL, Depledge MH (1994). Arsenic accumulation in the shore crab Carcinus maenas: the influence of nutritional state, sex and exposure concentration.
Marine Biology,
118(2), 285-292.
Abstract:
Arsenic accumulation in the shore crab Carcinus maenas: the influence of nutritional state, sex and exposure concentration
The accumulation of arsenate from seawater by the shore crab Carcinus maenas L. (collected from Odense Fjord, Denmark in 1991 and from Restronguet Creek, UK in 1991) was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. A field study was also carried out to determine the effects of raised environmental arsenic concentrations on intra-organismal distribution and tissue concentrations. Studies on the influence of nutritional state and sex on accumulation of As(5) from seawater indicated that most of the arsenic taken up from seawater in laboratory experiments was retained in the gills and the midgut gland. Arsenic accumulation exhibited sex-dependent differences which were also evident in correlation analyses carried out between total lipid contents and total arsenic contents of midgut glands of individual crabs. Arsenic concentrations in the gonads of both sexes were strongly influenced by the nutritional state of the crabs. Elevated arsenic concentrations in seawater and food at an arsenic polluted site (Restronguet Creek) significantly influenced arsenic concentrations and distribution among the tissues of C. maenas. Arsenic concentrations and distribution patterns differed markedly from those crabs from an unpolluted site in Odense Fjord. The gills of the crabs from Restronguet Creek contained extremely high arsenic concentrations ranging from 179 to 483 μg As g-1 dry wt. These values were even higher than those measured in the gills of Odense crabs that had been exposed to 3 mgl-1 As(5) for 2 wk in the laboratory. Arsenic concentrations in the exoskeleton of Odense Fjord crabs were 15 times lower than those measured in exoskeletons of Restronguet Creek crabs. Approximately 69% of the total body burden of arsenic was located in muscle tissue of crabs from Odense Fjord, whereas the major pool of arsenic (46%) in Restronguet Creek crabs was located in the exoskeleton. © 1994 Springer-Verlag.
Abstract.
Bjerregaard P, Depledge MH (1994). Cadmium accumulation in Littorina littorea, Mytilus edulis and Carcinus maenas: the influence of salinity and calcium ion concentrations.
Marine Biology,
119(3), 385-395.
Abstract:
Cadmium accumulation in Littorina littorea, Mytilus edulis and Carcinus maenas: the influence of salinity and calcium ion concentrations
Accumulation of waterborne cadmium in Littorina littorea, Mytilus edulis and Carcinus maenas (collected in 1988 and 1989 around the island of Funen, Denmark) was investigated in a matrix of salinities (10 to 30‰) and calcium concentrations (2.9 to 8.9 m M Ca++). Cadmium accumulation rates in soft parts of L. littorina, soft parts and shells of M. edulis and whole bodies and exoskeletons of C. maenas decreased with increasing salinity. Changes in the calcium concentrations accounted for 72% of the 'salinity effect' on cadmium accumulation rates in L. littorina, whereas calcium concentrations had little or no effect on cadmium accumulation in M. edulis. Cadmium accumulation in the whole body of C. maenas was affected equally by calcium concentrations and total salinity, whereas accumulation in the exoskeleton was mainly affected by changes in total salinity. Individual variability in cadmium accumulation in the organs of C. maenas was greater than the variation attributable either to changes in ambient calcium concentrations or total salinity. An appreciable amount of the inter-individual variability in the cadmium accumulation in all three species was correlated with wet:dry weight ratios of the tissues and size of the organisms. © 1994 Springer-Verlag.
Abstract.
BADEN SP, DEPLEDGE MH, HAGERMAN L (1994). GLYCOGEN DEPLETION AND ALTERED COPPER AND MANGANESE HANDLING IN NEPHROPS-NORVEGICUS FOLLOWING STARVATION AND EXPOSURE TO HYPOXIA.
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES,
103(1-2), 65-72.
Author URL.
Anderson S, Sadinski W, Shugart L, Brussard P, Depledge M, Ford T, Hose J, Stegeman J, Suk W, Wirgin I, et al (1994). Genetic and molecular ecotoxicology: a research framework.
Environ Health Perspect,
102 Suppl 12, 3-8.
Abstract:
Genetic and molecular ecotoxicology: a research framework.
Participants at the Napa Conference on Genetic and Molecular Ecotoxicology assessed the status of this field in light of heightened concerns about the genetic effects of exposure to hazardous substances and recent advancements in our capabilities to measure those effects. We present here a synthesis of the ideas discussed throughout the conference, including definitions of important concepts in the field and critical research needs and opportunities. While there were many opinions expressed on these topics, there was general agreement that there are substantive new opportunities to improve the impact of genetic and molecular ecotoxicology on prediction of sublethal effects of exposure to hazardous substances. Future studies should emphasize integration of genetic ecotoxicology, ecological genetics, and molecular biology and should be directed toward improving our understanding of the ecological implications of genotoxic responses. Ecological implications may be assessed at either the population or ecosystem level; however, a population-level focus may be most pragmatic. Recent technical advancements in measuring genetic and molecular responses to toxicant exposure will spur rapid progress. These new techniques have considerable promise for increasing our understanding of both mechanisms of toxicity on genes or gene products and the relevance of detrimental effects to individual fitness.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Depledge MH (1994). Genotypic toxicity: implications for individuals and populations.
Environ Health Perspect,
102 Suppl 12, 101-104.
Abstract:
Genotypic toxicity: implications for individuals and populations.
The goals of genetic ecotoxicology are discussed and redefined. New directions in which genotoxicity "effect" studies might be pursued are outlined. Recognition of the genotoxic disease syndrome in lower animals suggests that more attention should be given to exploring the relationships between DNA damage (adduct formation, gene mutations, etc.) and its manifestation at the level of individuals. Within a given population, not all individuals are equally susceptible to pollutant toxicity (including genotoxicity). It is proposed therefore, that more attention be paid to identifying the factors underlying interindividual variability in susceptibility. Examples are provided of specific cases in which differences in susceptibility to pollutants have been directly related to genotypic predisposition. This approach is also advocated for investigating the individual and population level consequences of genotoxic damage. The possibility of using phenotypic traits to recognise subsets of individuals within populations possessing similar genotypes is discussed.
Abstract.
Author URL.
FORBES TL, FORBES VE, DEPLEDGE MH (1994). INDIVIDUAL PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL HYPOXIA AND ORGANIC ENRICHMENT - IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY SOFT-BOTTOM COMMUNITY SUCCESSION.
JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH,
52(6), 1081-1100.
Author URL.
Møller V, Forbes VE, Depledg MH (1994). Influence of acclimation and exposure temperature on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (hydrobiidae).
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
13(9), 1519-1524.
Abstract:
Influence of acclimation and exposure temperature on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (hydrobiidae)
Forty‐eight‐hour acute toxicity tests were performed to determine the influence of acclimation temperature (5, 15, and 20°C) and exposure temperature (5, 15, and 20°C) on the toxicity of cadmium to the freshwater gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Mortality varied with cadmium concentration and treatment conditions, but did not conform to conventional sigmoid concentration‐response (i.e. dose‐response) relationships. Because the shapes of the concentration‐response curves were treatment dependent, a nontraditional approach for data analysis was employed. Regardless of acclimation temperature, mortality increased with increasing exposure temperature, and at all exposure temperatures snails acclimated at 15°C were most susceptible to cadmium toxicity. Estimated LC50 values were within 1 to 4 mg Cd/L. Although the shapes of the concentration‐response curves were different for each treatment, the slopes were generally quite steep, indicating a uniform response for the whole population. At a given Cd concentration, acclimation temperature and exposure temperature accounted for 57 and 40%, respectively, of the variation in mortality, and LC50s changed by a factor of four. The results indicate that changes in environmental variables can alter both the degree of response and the response distribution of a population, and that past as well as prevailing environmental conditions can influence organismic responses to toxicants. Copyright © 1994 SETAC
Abstract.
Pedersen KL, Pedersen SN, Højrup P, Andersen JS, Roepstorff P, Knudsen J, Depledge MH (1994). Purification and characterization of a cadmium-induced metallothionein from the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.).
Biochem J,
297 ( Pt 3), 609-614.
Abstract:
Purification and characterization of a cadmium-induced metallothionein from the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.).
Two metallothionein variants were purified from the midgut gland of crabs (Carcinus maenas) exposed to a high cadmium concentration (2 p.p.m.). One of the variants was purified from crabs exposed to a low cadmium concentration (0.5 p.p.m.). The purification method involved acetone precipitation, gel filtration and reversed-phase h.p.l.c. The complete amino acid sequences of both variants have been elucidated by m.s. and automated sequence analysis on S-methylated proteins or fragments produced by cleavage of the S-methylated proteins with Staphylococcus aureus proteinase. The two variants from crabs exposed to the high cadmium concentration differed only by a single residue of methionine at the N-terminus. The single variant isolated from crabs exposed to the low cadmium concentration was the one without the N-terminal methionine, indicating that high cadmium concentrations either inhibit the processing enzymes and/or that the processing enzymes cannot keep pace with the increased metallothionein synthesis when cadmium availability is high. Cadmium-induced metallothionein from C. maenas shows a high degree of structural similarity to metallothioneins from the decapod crustaceans Scylla serrata and Homarus americanus.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Depledge MH, Fossi MC (1994). The role of biomarkers in environmental assessment (2). Invertebrates.
Ecotoxicology,
3(3), 161-172.
Abstract:
The role of biomarkers in environmental assessment (2). Invertebrates
The potential use of biomarkers in ecological risk assessment is explored. The biomarker concept, initially developed to form a basis for studies at the individual/population level, is extended to include community and ecosystem level studies. A strategy is outlined in which biomarkers might be used to assess chemical exposure and the cumulative, adverse effects of toxicants on biota in situ. Protocols for identifying communities, species and populations most at risk are described. The role of biomarkers in the evaluation of the effectiveness of remedial action to alleviate pollution is discussed. It is proposed that, in addition to biomarker measurements on samples obtained from organisms at field sites, biomarker screening tests should be initiated in the laboratory with a range of new chemicals and organisms relevant to the field sites thought to be at risk. This will help to establish links between laboratory-based testing and adverse effects in situ. © 1994 Chapman & Hall.
Abstract.
Weeks JM, Jensen FB, Depledge MH (1993). Acid-base status, haemolymph composition and tissue copper accumulation in the shore crab Carcinus maenas exposed to combined copper and salinity stress. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 97(1), 91-98.
DEPLEDGE MH (1993). ECOTOXICOLOGY - a SCIENCE OR a MANAGEMENT TOOL.
AMBIO,
22(1), 51-52.
Author URL.
Depledge MH, Forbes TL, Forbes VE (1993). Evaluation of cadmium, copper, zinc, and iron concentrations and tissue distributions in the benthic crab, Dorippe granulata (De Haan, 1841) from Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong.
Environ Pollut,
81(1), 15-19.
Abstract:
Evaluation of cadmium, copper, zinc, and iron concentrations and tissue distributions in the benthic crab, Dorippe granulata (De Haan, 1841) from Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong.
The distributions of copper, zinc, iron, and cadmium among the tissues of Dorippe granulata were determined. The highest copper concentrations were found in the haemolymph (c. 53 microg ml(-1)) while the highest iron concentrations occurred in the gills (c. 720 microg g(-1) dry weight) and the highest zinc concentrations in the exoskeleton (c. 200 microg g(-1) dry weight). By comparison, concentrations of the non-essential metal, cadmium, were low in all tissues (mean = 10 microg g(-1) dry weight). The highest value was recorded from the midgut gland of a female crab (18.5 microg Cd g(-1) dry weight). Concentrations of copper, zinc, and iron were positively correlated with tissue-hydration levels. Such a relationship was not found for cadmium. The findings are discussed with regard to trace-metal levels found in temperate and tropical brachyurans from clean and polluted localities.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Clausen PS, Bjerregaard P, Depledge MH (1993). Passive and active cadmium uptake in the isolated gills of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.).
Chemosphere,
26(12), 2209-2219.
Abstract:
Passive and active cadmium uptake in the isolated gills of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.)
Cadmium uptake was followed over time (0-30 min) in isolated gills from the shore crab Carcinus maenas, exposed to 1000 dpm 109Cd ml-1 seawater (15 ‰, 15°C). Effects of potassium cyanide on cadmium uptake were also investigated. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in cadmium uptake between gills from the left or right branchial chambers. Cadmium uptake was, however, significantly higher (ca. 20-30 %) in anterior gills (numbers 4-6) than in posterior gills (numbers 7-9). No significant difference in cadmium uptake was found among the three anterior gills nor among the three posterior gills. A significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) was found between 109Cd-uptake and incubation time (0-30 min). Potassium cyanide inhibited cadmium uptake into the gills, suggesting that there is an active transport component to the uptake process. The results are discussed with regard to earlier studies on uptake routes of cadmium and other trace metals in marine invertebrates. © 1993.
Abstract.
Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Depledge MH (1993). The influence of starvation and copper exposure on the composition of the dorsal carapace and distribution of trace metals in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.).
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C: Comparative,
106(2), 537-543.
Abstract:
The influence of starvation and copper exposure on the composition of the dorsal carapace and distribution of trace metals in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.)
1. The influence of starvation and copper exposure on the composition of the carapace of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas has been investigated. The effects of the concentrations of selected trace metals in the carapace and midgut gland have also been examined. 2. Differences in nutritional state did not affect the concentrations or relative proportions of the principle carapace components (calcium, chitin and protein), but starvation was associated with a reduction in carapace copper concentration. Copper concentration in the midgut gland increased in "starved" crabs, while midgut gland zinc and calcium concentrations remained unchanged. 3. Starvation in combination with copper exposure (0.5 mg Cu/1) resulted in alterations in both carapace composition and trace metal loads. Carapace calcium concentrations were reduced significantly following copper exposure irrespective of the nutritional state of the crabs. However, the reduction was more marked in "fed" crabs than in "starved" animals. 4. Copper-exposed crabs exhibited raised carapace copper concentrations while carapace zinc concentrations were depressed. Such changes were most pronounced in copper-exposed "starved" crabs. 5. Calcium concentrations in the midgut glands of "starved" copper-exposed animals were significantly elevated compared with those in either control or "fed", copper-exposed crabs. 6. The findings are discussed with regard to their ecotoxicological significance. © 1993.
Abstract.
Forbes VE, Depledge MH (1992). Cadmium effects on the carbon and energy balance of mudsnails.
Marine Biology,
113(2), 263-269.
Abstract:
Cadmium effects on the carbon and energy balance of mudsnails
The present study examined the ability of shortterm physiological measurements to predict growth rates of a gastropod, Hydrobia ulvae, in response to pollutant exposure. Whereas growth rates of snails collected from Munkebo Harbor, Funen, Denmark in 1989 were substantially reduced by exposure to cadmium after ca. 3 wk, we could detect no change in total carbon balance measured in short-term radioisotope experiments. At 23‰ S, the reduction in percent growth after 3 wk was 186.4 for snails exposed to 100 μg Cdl-1 and 225.7 for snails exposed to 200 μg Cdl-1. At 13‰ S, the reduction in percent growth was 102.6 at 100 μg Cdl-1 and 106.4 at 200 μg Cdl-1. We found no effect of cadmium on sediment egestion rate over 18 d of exposure. Nor could we detect effects on carbon absorption efficiency or metabolic loss of absorbed carbon during the first 24 h following its ingestion. The fractional loss of 14C from uniformly-labeled snails showed a decrease in CO2 and an increase in dissolved carbon in snails exposed to 200 μg Cdl-1. Such changes in the partitioning of carbon loss from body stores suggest a partial shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolic pathways which could reconcile the seeming disparity between growth and carbon balance in response to cadmium exposure. © 1992 Springer-Verlag.
Abstract.
Depledge PMH (1992). Danish environmental research. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 24(7), 339-342.
Hansen JI, Mustafa T, Depledge M (1992). Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas - I. Effects on Na,K-ATPase activity, haemolymph electrolyte concentrations and tissue water contents.
Marine Biology,
114(2), 253-257.
Abstract:
Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas - I. Effects on Na,K-ATPase activity, haemolymph electrolyte concentrations and tissue water contents
This study was initiated to further elucidate mechanisms responsible for copper toxicity in the hyperregulating shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.). Crabs, collected in the Odense Fjord, Denmark between September 1989 and May 1990, were exposed to 10 ppm copper(II)chloride in 10 ppt salinity at 15°C for up to 1 wk prior to measuring gill Na,K-ATPase activity, haemolymph sodium and potassium concentrations and fr. wt/dry wt ratios. Copper exposure reduced haemolymph sodium concentration by 40% and gill Na,K-ATPase activity by 50 to 60% after 1 wk. Haemolymph potassium levels exhibited variable responses. It is concluded that inhibition of gill Na,K-ATPase activity was primarily responsible for reductions in haemolymph electrolyte levels but that this was possibly not the prineiple cause of morbidity and mortality. © 1992 Springer-Verlag.
Abstract.
Hansen JI, Mustafa T, Depledge M (1992). Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas - II. Effects on key metabolic enzymes, metabolites and energy charge potential.
Marine Biology,
114(2), 259-264.
Abstract:
Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas - II. Effects on key metabolic enzymes, metabolites and energy charge potential
The influence of copper(II)chloride on selected key enzymes and metabolites in intermediary metabolism and the energy charge potential of the hyperregulating shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.) were investigated. Crabs, collected in Odense Fjord, Denmark between September 1989 and May 1990, were exposed to 10 ppm copper(II)chloride, in 10 ppt salinity seawater at 15°C for up to 1 wk. Hexokinase activity was 77% lower in the posterior gills and 60% lower in the midgut gland than in control crabs. Phosphofructokinase activity was reduced in the midgut gland by 82% but was unaffected in the gills. Pyruvate kinase activity was undetectable in the gills of exposed crabs and reduced by 47% in the midgut gland. Citrate synthase activity was depressed by 30% in the posterior gills and unaffected in other tissues. Copper exposure had no apparent effect on tissue cytochrome c oxidase activity. Chela muscle was the only tissue in which copper exposure did not bring about reductions in the enzyme activities tested. As a result of 1 wk of copper exposure the average lactate level increased by 3.5-fold in haemolymph, 9.3-fold in posterior gills and 6.5-fold in midgut gland. The average glucose level was raised by a factor of 6 in the haemolymph, 3.4 in the posterior gills and 1.2 in the midgut gland. Energy charge potential was at a very high level (ca. 0.9) and was unaffected by copper exposure. © 1992 Springer-Verlag.
Abstract.
Forbes VE, Depledge MH (1992). Predicting population response to pollutants: the significance of sex.
Functional Ecology,
6(4), 376-381.
Abstract:
Predicting population response to pollutants: the significance of sex
Examines the potential consequences of sexual and asexual reproductive strategies that may influence how populations respond to pollutant exposure, addresses specific concerns related to the use of clonal organisms in ecotoxicological test systems, and suggests some directions for future study. -from Authors
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Weeks JM, Frias Martins A, Tristao Da Cunha R, Costa A (1992). The Azores Exploitation and pollution of the coastal ecosystem. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 24(9), 433-435.
CHAN HM, BJERREGAARD P, RAINBOW PS, DEPLEDGE MH (1992). UPTAKE OF ZINC AND CADMIUM BY 2 POPULATIONS OF SHORE CRABS CARCINUS-MAENAS AT DIFFERENT SALINITIES.
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES,
86(1), 91-97.
Author URL.
Aagaard A, Andersen BB, Depledge MH (1991). Simultaneous monitoring of physiological and behavioural activity in marine organisms using non-invasive, computer-aided techniques.
Marine Ecology Progress Series,
73(2-3), 277-282.
Abstract:
Simultaneous monitoring of physiological and behavioural activity in marine organisms using non-invasive, computer-aided techniques
A computer-aided monitoring system is described which permits continuous long-term recording of cardiac and respiratory activity together with locomotor activity. Four macroinvertebrates can be studied simultaneously but with additional hardware (respirometry chambers, valves, oxygen electrodes and infra-red sensors), the system can readily be expanded for use with ≥20 organisms using a single computer. -from Authors
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Andersen BB (1990). A computer-aided physiological monitoring system for continuous, long-term recording of cardiac activity in selected invertebrates.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology,
96(4), 473-477.
Abstract:
A computer-aided physiological monitoring system for continuous, long-term recording of cardiac activity in selected invertebrates
1. 1. A computer-aided physiological monitoring system (CAPMON) is described which permits long-term, continuous recording of cardiac activity in selected crustaceans and molluscs. 2. 2. Infra-red phototransducers used with the system are simple to attach and allow non-invasive measurement of physiological function, thereby minimising disturbance to the test organism. 3. 3. Applications of the CAPMON system in pollution studies and in clinical settings with Man, are discussed. © 1990.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Rainbow PS (1990). Models of regulation and accumulation of trace metals in marine invertebrates.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C, Comparative,
97(1), 1-7.
Abstract:
Models of regulation and accumulation of trace metals in marine invertebrates
1. General principles governing trace metal uptake and accumulation in marine invertebrates are identified. 2. Key determinants of trace metal body concentrations are bioavailability from seawater and from food. However, the nature of the trace metal (essential vs non-essential, chemical properties, etc.) and the physiological state of the organism, strongly influence subsequent handling, distribution, tissue accumulation and excretion. 3. The roles of metal-binding proteins (metallothioneins, transferrin-like proteins, etc.) and haemolymph cellular elements in metal transport and storage are described. 4. Uptake of many trace metals from seawater generally conforms to Fick's Law of Diffusion, but is also influenced by non-specific binding to ligands in body fluids and cells, potential differences across body surfaces and, in some instances, by active transport processes involving ionic pumps and pinocytosis. 5. Potential mechanisms underlying regulation of whole organism and tissue metal loads are outlined and compared with accumulation strategies. The significance of trace metal levels is discussed with regard to the well-being of marine invertebrates and their use in biomonitoring studies of trace metal pollution. © 1990.
Abstract.
Depledge MH (1990). New approaches in ecotoxicology: can inter-individual physiological variability be used as a tool to investigate pollution effects?. AMBIO, 19(5), 251-252.
RAINBOW PS, PHILLIPS DJH, DEPLEDGE MH (1990). THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TRACE-METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN MARINE-INVERTEBRATES - a NEED FOR LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF ACCUMULATION STRATEGIES.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN,
21(7), 321-324.
Author URL.
Depledge MH, Bjerregaard P (1989). Haemolymph protein composition and copper levels in decapod crustaceans.
Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen,
43(2), 207-223.
Abstract:
Haemolymph protein composition and copper levels in decapod crustaceans
Variations in haemolymph protein composition and concentration, in copper content and copper distribution in the tissue of decapod crustaceans are reviewed. Haemocyanin is the major haemolymph constituent (> 60%); the remaining proteins (in order of concentration) include coagulogen, apohaemocyanin, hormones and antisomes. Moulting, nutritional state, infection, hypoxia and salinity fluctuations are the major factors affecting the relative proportions and total quantities of the haemolymph proteins. With regard to haemocyanin, the changes in concentration during the moult cycle are principally associated with changes in haemolymph volume, rather than with changes in total haemocyanin content due to synthesis or catabolism. The role of the midgut gland in regulating haemolymph copper and haemocyanin concentration has been re-evaluated. More than 50% of the whole body copper load is stored in the haemolymph. In contrast, less than 3% of the copper load resides in the midgut gland. The latter has little potential for regulating haemolymph copper levels, at least in the short term (hours to a few days), though it may be involved in regulating haemocyanin levels over longer periods (weeks to months). The total copper content of the haemolymph remains within a narrow range, except during starvation when levels may decrease. Consequently, variations in the copper content of soft tissues, which constitute only 20% of decapod dry weight, do not significanlty alter whole body copper concentrations. Evidence that copper released following haemocyanin catabolism becomes bound to metallothionein for later use in the resynthesis of haemocyanin is reviewed and found to be inconclusive. The amount of copper that can be stored in this way is trivial compared with the amount of copper required to permit significant changes in haemolymph haemocyanin concentration. Average tissue copper requirements, calculated during the present study, are approx. 4 times higher than previous theoretical estimates. © 1989 Biologische Anstalt Helgoland.
Abstract.
Depledge MH (1989). Observations on the feeding behaviour of Gaetice depressus (Grapsidae: Varuninae) with special reference to suspension feeding.
Marine Biology,
100(2), 253-259.
Abstract:
Observations on the feeding behaviour of Gaetice depressus (Grapsidae: Varuninae) with special reference to suspension feeding
The feeding behaviour of the subtropical, intertidal crab Gaetice depressus (He Haan) has been investigated. This species was found to be an omnivorous scavenger capable of ingesting both animal and plant tissues which are passed to the mouth using the chelipeds. Furthermore, the mouth-parts themselves are modified and bear elongated setae, notably on the third maxillae. The net-like structures which the setae give rise to can be repeatedly flailed through the seawater in unison enabling the crabs to feed on suspended material. Beating frequency decreased with crab size but rose with increasing suspension concentration. Experiments demonstrated that suspension feeding can contribute significantly to nutrient uptake and direct observations confirmed that the crabs use this method in situ. The crabs are also able to use the setose appendages to sweep deposited material from the underlying substrate towards the mouth, presumably for nutritive purposes. The significance of these different feeding methods is discussed. © 1989 Springer-Verlag.
Abstract.
Depledge MH (1989). Re-evaluation of metabolic requirements for copper and zinc in decapod crustaceans.
Marine Environmental Research,
27(2), 115-126.
Abstract:
Re-evaluation of metabolic requirements for copper and zinc in decapod crustaceans
Previous estimates of metabolic requirements for copper and zinc in decapod crustaceans are inaccurate and do not address differences in the requirements of specific tissues. Re-calculation of the amounts of copper and zinc bound in enzymes and to haemocyanin yields values of 82·8 μg Cu g-1 and 67·9 μg Zn g-1, expressed with regard to the dry weight of the whole animal (including exoskeleton). Estimated mean soft tissue concentrations of copper and zinc (excluding the contribution from haemocyanin in the tissues), are 76·5-95 μg Cu g-1 dw and 50-208 μg Zn g-1 dw, respectively. These values exceed previous estimates of soft tissue enzymatic requirements by a factor of 2-3 for copper and 1·4-6 for zinc (depending on which tissue is being considered). Reptant and natant decapods exhibit different patterns of metal distribution among their tissues. In shrimps, the midgut gland contains 25% of the copper load but in crabs the proportion is < 10%. Generally, more than 40-50% of the body copper load is located in the haemolymph. Zinc is stored mainly in the haemolymph in crabs (40-60%) and to a lesser extent in the exoskeleton (3-26%). In shrimps, only 20-30% of the zinc resides in the haemolymph, while approximately 40% of the body load is stored in the exoskeleton. © 1989.
Abstract.
DEPLEDGE MH (1989). STUDIES ON COPPER AND IRON CONCENTRATIONS, DISTRIBUTIONS AND UPTAKE IN THE BRACHYURAN CARCINUS-MAENAS (L) FOLLOWING STARVATION.
OPHELIA,
30(3), 187-197.
Author URL.
Depledge M (1989). The rational basis for detection of the early effects of marine pollutants using physiological indicators. AMBIO, 18(5), 301-302.
Depledge MH (1987). Enhanced copper toxicity resulting from environmental stress factor synergies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 87(1), 15-19.
Depledge MH, Phillips DJH (1986). Circulation, respiration and fluid dynamics in the gastropod mollusc, Hemifusus tuba (Gmelin). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 95(1), 1-13.
Phillips DJH, Depledge MH (1986). Distribution of inorganic and total arsenic in tissues of the marine gastropod Hemifusus ternatanus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 34, 261-266.
Depledge MH (1986). Global implications of Chernobyl. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 17(7), 281-282.
Phillips DJH, Depledge MH (1985). Metabolic pathways involving arsenic in marine organisms: a unifying hypothesis. Marine Environmental Research, 17(1), 1-12.
Depledge MH (1985). Peak inspiratory flow: measurement using a modified mini Wright peak flow meter. Thorax, 40(3), 205-206.
Depledge MH (1985). Respiration and lung function in the mouse, Mus musculus (with a note on mass exponents and respiratory variables). Respiration Physiology, 60(1), 83-94.
Depledge MH (1984). Changes in cardiac activity, oxygen uptake and perfusion indices in Carcinus maenas (L.) exposed to crude oil and dispersant. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 78(2), 461-466.
Depledge MH (1984). Disruption of circulatory and respiratory activity in shore crabs (Carcinus maenas (L.)) exposed to heavy metal pollution. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 78(2), 445-459.
Depledge MH (1984). Photoplethysmography—a non-invasive technique for monitoring heart beat and ventilation rate in decapod crustaceans. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 77(2), 369-371.
Depledge MH (1984). The influence of aerial exposure on gas exchange and cardiac activity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 79(3), 339-344.
Barrett A, Depledge MH, Powles RL (1983). Interstitial pneumonitis following bone marrow transplantation after low dose rate total body irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, 9(7), 1029-1033.
Depledge MH, Barrett A, Powles RL (1983). Lung function after bone marrow grafting. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, 9(2), 145-151.
Paradinas FJ, Sloane JP, Depledge MH, Morgenstern GR, Monaghan P, Roberts JDB, Corrin B (1983). PULMONARY FAT EMBOLISATION AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION. The Lancet, 321(8326), 715-716.
Depledge MH, Collis CH, Barrett A (1981). A technique for measuring carbon monoxide uptake in mice. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, 7(4), 485-489.
DEPLEDGE M, BARRETT A (1981). Aseptic techniques for lung function testing. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2, 369-372.
Depledge MH (1978). Cardiac activity of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 60(1), 65-67.
Chapters
White M, Lovell R, Wheeler B, Pahl S, Voelker S, Depledge M (2017). Blue Landscapes and Public Health. In van den Bosch M, Bird W (Eds.) Landscape and Public Health, Oxford OU.
White MP, Bell S, Jenkin R, Wheeler B, Depledge M (2016). The benefits of blue exercise. In Barton J, Bragg R, Wood C, Pretty J (Eds.) Green Exercise: Linking Nature, Health and Well-Being, Routledge.
Wheeler B, White M, Fleming LE, Taylor T, Harvey A, Depledge MH (2014). Influences of the Oceans on human health and wellbeing. In Bowen R, Depledge MH, Carlarne CP, Fleming LE (Eds.) Oceans and Human Health: Implications for Society and Well-Being, London: Wiley.
Schlenk D, Handy R, Steinert S, Depledge MH, Benson W (2008). Biomarkers. In Di Giulio RT, Hinton DE (Eds.) The Toxicology of Fishes, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 683-731.
Metcalfe C, Bennett E, Chappell M, Steevens J, Depledge M (2008). SMARTEN: Management and Assessment of Risks and Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials. In Linkov I (Ed) Nanotechnologies: Risks and Benefits, Springer, 95-110.
Owen R, Crane M, Greiger K, Handy RD, Linkov I, Depledge M (2008). Strategic Approaches for the Management of Environmental Risk Uncertainties Posed by Nanomaterials. In Linkov I (Ed) Nanotechnologies: Risks and Benefits, Springer, 369-384.
Handy RD, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2002). Biomarker approaches for ecotoxicological biomonitoring at different levels of biological organisation. In Burden F, Forstner U, Guenther A, McKelvie I (Eds.) Environmental Monitoring Handbook, McGraw Hill, 9.1-9.31.
Conferences
Depledge MH (In Press). Adult respiratory distress syndrome following bone marrow transplantation. 6th European Bone Marrow Transplant Conference.
Abstract:
Adult respiratory distress syndrome following bone marrow transplantation
Abstract.
Depledge MH (In Press). Aspects of the ecophysiology of Asaphis dichotoma. Second International Workshop on the Malacofauna of Hong Kong and Southern China.
Abstract:
Aspects of the ecophysiology of Asaphis dichotoma
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Sloane JP, Morganstern G, Barrett A, Powles RL (In Press). Classification of post-bone marrow transplant lung complications. 9th European Bone Marrow Transplant Conference. p 84.
Depledge MH, HUGHES RG, Mackenzie J, Lumley H, Morgenstern GF (In Press). Haemolytic uraemic syndrome following bone marrow transplantation. 9th European Bone Marrow Transplant Conference.
Abstract:
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome following bone marrow transplantation
Abstract.
Depledge MH (In Press). Physiological responses of the Indo-Pacific mangrove bivalve Geloina erosa. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on the Malacofauna of Hong Kong and Southern China.
Depledge MH, Powles TJ, Coombes RC, Muindi J, Powles RL (In Press). Prostaglandin administration to patients with cancer. Prostaglandins and Cancer: First International Conference.
Depledge MH (2009). Novel approaches and technologies in pollution assessment and monitoring: a UK perspective.
Abstract:
Novel approaches and technologies in pollution assessment and monitoring: a UK perspective
Abstract.
Cheung VV, Jha A, Owen R, Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2006). Development of the in vivo chromosome aberration assay in oyster (Crassostrea gigas) embryo-larvae for genotoxicity assessment.
Abstract:
Development of the in vivo chromosome aberration assay in oyster (Crassostrea gigas) embryo-larvae for genotoxicity assessment.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Bowen RE, Depledge MH (2006). Rapid Assessment of Marine Pollution (RAMP).
Abstract:
Rapid Assessment of Marine Pollution (RAMP)
Abstract.
Sanders MB, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH, Clare AS (2005). Larval Development and Vitellin-like Protein Expression in Palaemon elegans Larvae Following Xeno-oestrogen Exposure.
Abstract:
Larval Development and Vitellin-like Protein Expression in Palaemon elegans Larvae Following Xeno-oestrogen Exposure.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Ford T, Jay J, Patel A, Kile M, Prommasith P, Galloway T, Sanger R, Smith K, Depledge M (2005). Use of ecotoxicological tools to evaluate the health of New Bedford Harbor sediments: a microbial biomarker approach.
Abstract:
Use of ecotoxicological tools to evaluate the health of New Bedford Harbor sediments: a microbial biomarker approach.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Full text.
Galloway TS, Brown RJ, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Lowe D, Jones MB, Depledge MH (2004). Ecosystem management bioindicators: the ECOMAN project--a multi-biomarker approach to ecosystem management.
Abstract:
Ecosystem management bioindicators: the ECOMAN project--a multi-biomarker approach to ecosystem management.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Sanders MB, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH, Clare AS (2003). Vitellin-like proteins in larval crustacea: Potential biomarkers of xeno-oestrogen exposure.
Author URL.
Fillmann G, Watson GM, Francioni E, Readman JW, Depledge MH (2002). A non-destructive assessment of the exposure of crabs to PAH using ELISA analyses of their urine and haemolymph.
Abstract:
A non-destructive assessment of the exposure of crabs to PAH using ELISA analyses of their urine and haemolymph
Abstract.
Dewailly E, Furgal C, Knap A, Galvin J, Baden D, Bowen B, Depledge M, Duguay L, Fleming L, Ford T, et al (2002). Indicators of ocean and human health.
Abstract:
Indicators of ocean and human health.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Smith KL, Galloway TS, Depledge MH (2000). Neuro-endocrine biomarkers of pollution-induced stress in marine invertebrates.
Abstract:
Neuro-endocrine biomarkers of pollution-induced stress in marine invertebrates.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Camus L, Grøsvik BE, Børseth JF, Jones MB, Depledge MH (2000). Stability of lysosomal and cell membranes in haemocytes of the common mussel (Mytilus edulis): Effect of low temperatures.
Abstract:
Stability of lysosomal and cell membranes in haemocytes of the common mussel (Mytilus edulis): Effect of low temperatures
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Billinghurst Z (1999). Ecological significance of endocrine disruption in marine invertebrates.
Abstract:
Ecological significance of endocrine disruption in marine invertebrates
Abstract.
Astley KN, Meigh HC, Glegg GA, Braven J, Depledge MH (1999). Multi-variate analysis of biomarker responses in Mytilus edulis and Carcinus maenas from the Tees Estuary (UK).
Abstract:
Multi-variate analysis of biomarker responses in Mytilus edulis and Carcinus maenas from the Tees Estuary (UK)
Abstract.
Atienzar F, Child P, Evenden A, Jha A, Savva D, Walker C, Depledge M (1998). Application of the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction for the detection of DNA damage.
Abstract:
Application of the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction for the detection of DNA damage
Abstract.
Wedderburn J, Cheung V, Bamber S, Bloxham M, Depledge MH (1998). Biomarkers of biochemical and cellular stress in Carcinus maenas: an in situ field study.
Abstract:
Biomarkers of biochemical and cellular stress in Carcinus maenas: an in situ field study
Abstract.
Morrall CE, Trapido-Rosenthal HG, Knap AH, Depledge MH (1998). Development of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase as ecotoxicological biomarkers in the tropical marine environment.
Author URL.
Lundebye AK, Depledge MH (1998). Molecular and physiological responses in shore crabs Carcinus maenas following exposure to copper.
Abstract:
Molecular and physiological responses in shore crabs Carcinus maenas following exposure to copper
Abstract.
Cheung VV, Wedderburn RJ, Depledge MH (1998). Molluscan lysosomal responses as a diagnostic tool for the detection of a pollution gradient in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong.
Abstract:
Molluscan lysosomal responses as a diagnostic tool for the detection of a pollution gradient in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong
Abstract.
Lewis S, May S, Donkin ME, Depledge MH (1998). The influence of copper and heatshock on the physiology and cellular stress response of Enteromorpha intestinalis.
Abstract:
The influence of copper and heatshock on the physiology and cellular stress response of Enteromorpha intestinalis
Abstract.
Hebel DK, Jones MB, Depledge MH (1997). Responses of crustaceans to contaminant exposure: a holistic approach.
Abstract:
Responses of crustaceans to contaminant exposure: a holistic approach
Abstract.
Fossi MC, Lari L, Casini S, Mattei N, Savelli C, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Castellani S, Depledge M, Bamber S, Walker C, et al (1996). Biochemical and genotoxic biomarkers in the Mediterranean crab Carcinus aestuarii experimentally exposed to polychlorobiphenyls, benzopyrene and methyl-mercury.
Abstract:
Biochemical and genotoxic biomarkers in the Mediterranean crab Carcinus aestuarii experimentally exposed to polychlorobiphenyls, benzopyrene and methyl-mercury
Abstract.
Moore MN, Wedderburn RJ, Lowe DM, Depledge MH (1996). Lysosomal reaction to xenobiotics in mussel hemocytes using BODIPY-FL-verapamil.
Abstract:
Lysosomal reaction to xenobiotics in mussel hemocytes using BODIPY-FL-verapamil
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Lundebye AK (1996). Physiological monitoring of contaminant effects in individual rock crabs, Hemigrapsus edwardsi: the ecotoxicological significance of variability in response.
Abstract:
Physiological monitoring of contaminant effects in individual rock crabs, Hemigrapsus edwardsi: the ecotoxicological significance of variability in response
Abstract.
Hansen IV, Weeks JM, Depledge MH (1995). Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium by the marine sponge Halichondria panicea Pallas and the implications for biomonitoring.
Abstract:
Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium by the marine sponge Halichondria panicea Pallas and the implications for biomonitoring
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Aagaard A, Györkös P (1995). Assessment of trace metal toxicity using molecular, physiological and behavioural biomarkers.
Abstract:
Assessment of trace metal toxicity using molecular, physiological and behavioural biomarkers
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Hopkin SP (1995). Methods to assess effects on brackish, estuarine, and near-coastal water organisms.
Author URL.
Vedel GR, Depledge MH (1995). Stress-70 levels in the gills of Carcinus maenas exposed to copper.
Abstract:
Stress-70 levels in the gills of Carcinus maenas exposed to copper
Abstract.
Rasmussen AD, Krag A, Bjerregaard P, Weeks JM, Depledge MH (1995). The effects of trace metals on the apparent water permeability of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) and the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (L.).
Abstract:
The effects of trace metals on the apparent water permeability of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) and the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (L.)
Abstract.
Styrishave B, Rasmussen AD, Depledge MH (1995). The influence of bulk and trace metals on the circadian rhythm of heart rates in freshwater crayfish, Astacus astacus.
Abstract:
The influence of bulk and trace metals on the circadian rhythm of heart rates in freshwater crayfish, Astacus astacus
Abstract.
DEPLEDGE MH (1994). THE RATIONAL BASIS FOR THE USE OF BIOMARKERS AS ECOTOXICOLOGICAL TOOLS.
Author URL.
Reports
Wheeler BW, Depledge MH (2016). Section 3: Indicators of urban green space availability, accessibility and usage, and assessment of their health relevance. World Health Organisation, Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe.
Depledge MH, Fosse-Hansen S, Howard V, Martuzzi M (2013).
Nanotechnology and human health: Scientific evidence and risk governance. WHO.
Abstract:
Nanotechnology and human health: Scientific evidence and risk governance
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Barrett A, Morgenstern G, Powles RL, Sloane JP, Waterson G (1981).
Late effects of total body irradiation in Man. Commission of the European Communities.
Abstract:
Late effects of total body irradiation in Man.
Abstract.
Publications by year
In Press
Depledge MH (In Press). Adult respiratory distress syndrome following bone marrow transplantation. 6th European Bone Marrow Transplant Conference.
Abstract:
Adult respiratory distress syndrome following bone marrow transplantation
Abstract.
Scarlett, A. Kero, M.H. Depledge, D. (In Press). Age-related impairments of mobility associated with cobalt and other heavy metals: data from NHANES 1999-2004. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Safety
Cracknell D, White MP, Pahl S, Depledge MH (In Press). Aquariums as restorative environments and the influence of species diversity.
Landscape Research,
In Press Full text.
Depledge MH (In Press). Arsenic uncouples cardiac and respiratory responses of Hemifusus tuba (Gmelin) to thermal stress. Asian Marine Biology
Depledge MH (In Press). Aspects of the ecophysiology of Asaphis dichotoma. Second International Workshop on the Malacofauna of Hong Kong and Southern China.
Abstract:
Aspects of the ecophysiology of Asaphis dichotoma
Abstract.
Depledge MH (In Press). Assessment of lung function in cancer patients. Asian Medical Journal
Depledge MH, Powles RL (In Press). Bone marrow transplantation as treatment for acute leukaemia using mismatched family donors. Lancet, The
Depledge MH (In Press). Cardiac activity in the intertidal crab. Asian Marine Biology
Depledge MH (In Press). Chemical forms of arsenic in marine organisms with emphasis on Hemifusus spp. Water Science and Technology
Depledge MH, Sloane JP, Morganstern G, Barrett A, Powles RL (In Press). Classification of post-bone marrow transplant lung complications. 9th European Bone Marrow Transplant Conference. p 84.
Depledge MH (In Press). Disruption of endogenous rhythms in Carcinus maenas following exposure to heavy metal pollution. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology
Depledge MH (In Press). Dose-independence of early, cyclophosphamide-induced lung damage in mice. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine
Depledge MH, Barrett A (In Press). Dose-rate independence of lung damage after total body irradiation in mice. International Journal of Radiation Biology
Depledge MH, HUGHES RG, Mackenzie J, Lumley H, Morgenstern GF (In Press). Haemolytic uraemic syndrome following bone marrow transplantation. 9th European Bone Marrow Transplant Conference.
Abstract:
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome following bone marrow transplantation
Abstract.
Depledge MH, SLOANE JP, Powles RL, Morgenstern GR, Trickey BS, DADY PJ (In Press). Histopathology of the lung following bone marrow transplantation. Journal of Clinical Pathology
Depledge MH (In Press). Iron distribution and transport in Scylla serrata (Forskål). Asian Marine Biology
Depledge MH, Leigh M, Powles RL, Morgenstern G, Barrett A, Mackenzie J, Lumley H (In Press). Mismatched bone marrow transplantation from family members. Experimental Hematology
White M, Pahl S, Wheeler BW, Depledge MH, Fleming LE (In Press). Natural environments and subjective well-being: Different types of nature exposure are associated with different aspects of wellbeing.
Health & PLace,
In press Full text.
Phoenix C, Wheeler B, Osbourne N, Redshaw C, Moran R, Stahl-Timmins W, Depledge M, Fleming L (In Press). Paradigmatic Approaches to Studying Environment and Human Health: (Forgotten) Implications
for Interdisciplinary Research.
Environmental Science and PolicyAbstract:
Paradigmatic Approaches to Studying Environment and Human Health: (Forgotten) Implications
for Interdisciplinary Research
Interdisciplinary research is increasingly promoted in a wide range of fields, especially so in
the study of relationships between the environment and human health. However, many projects and
research teams struggle to address exactly how researchers from a multitude of disciplinary and
methodological backgrounds can best work together to maximize the value of this approach to
research. In this paper, we briefly review the role of interdisciplinary research, and emphasize that it is
not only our discipline and methods, but our research paradigms, that shape the way that we work. We
summarize three key research paradigms - positivism, postpositivism and interpretivism - with an
example of how each might approach a given environment-health research issue. In turn, we argue that
understanding the paradigm from which each researcher operates is fundamental to enabling and
optimizing the integration of research disciplines, now argued by many to be necessary for our
understanding of the complexities of the interconnections between human health and our environment
as well as their impacts in the policy arena. We recognize that a comprehensive interrogation of
research approaches and philosophies would require far greater length than is available in a journal
paper. However, our intention is to instigate debate, recognition, and appreciation of the different
worlds inhabited by the multitude of researchers involved in this rapidly expanding field.
Abstract.
Full text.
Depledge MH (In Press). Perfusion requirements and oxygen demand in the green crab (Carcinus maenas L.) held in hypo-osmotic media. Comparative Physiology & Ecology
Depledge MH (In Press). Physiological responses of the Indo-Pacific mangrove bivalve Geloina erosa. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on the Malacofauna of Hong Kong and Southern China.
Depledge MH, Powles TJ, Coombes RC, Muindi J, Powles RL (In Press). Prostaglandin administration to patients with cancer. Prostaglandins and Cancer: First International Conference.
Depledge MH, Barrett A, Powles RL (In Press). Pulmonary oedema with leaky endothelia syndrome. Experimental Hematology
Wheeler BW, Allen J, Depledge MH, Curnow A (In Press). Radon and skin cancer in south-west England: an ecological study.
Epidemiology,
(In Press) Full text.
Cracknell D, White MP, Pahl S, Nicols WJ, Depledge MH (In Press). Sub-aquatic biodiversity and psychological well-being: a preliminary examination of dose-response effects in an aquarium setting. Environment & Behavior, In press
Depledge MH, Barrett A (In Press). Total Body Irradiation: some factors affecting outcome. Experimental Hematology
2018
Abo-Zaid G, Sharpe RA, Fleming LE, Depledge M, Osborne NJ (2018). Association of Infant Eczema with Childhood and Adult Asthma: Analysis of Data from the 1958 Birth Cohort Study.
Int J Environ Res Public Health,
15(7).
Abstract:
Association of Infant Eczema with Childhood and Adult Asthma: Analysis of Data from the 1958 Birth Cohort Study.
The influence of early life exposures on later life disease has for some time provided clues to modifiable risk factors of disease. The “atopic march” is thought to play a role in the progression of allergic diseases and may offer an opportunity to lower asthma’s health and socioeconomic burden, although evidence remains controversial. We aimed to examine the relationship between early life eczema and asthma later in life. Using the National Child Development Study, we examined infant eczema and childhood and adult asthma. Data related to asthma or wheezing bronchitis were available for 13,503 (73%; 95% CI 72⁻74), 11,503 (61%; 95% CI 60⁻61), 12,524 (68%; 95% CI 67⁻69), 11,194 (60%; 95% CI 60⁻60), 9377 (51%; 95% CI 51⁻51), and 9760 (53%; 95% CI 52⁻53) subjects at ages 11, 16, 23, 33, 44, and 50 years, respectively. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine each wave separately before and after adjusting for a range of potential confounders. Generalised estimating equation (GEE) methods were undertaken to examine the associations after pooling all data from questionnaires. The prevalence of self-reported asthma in those that had previously reported infant eczema ranged from 1.0%; 95% CI 0.9⁻1.4 (age 44 years) to 2.2%; 95% CI 2.1⁻2.3 (age 33 years). Participants with infant eczema had a 2⁻3-fold increased risk of reporting asthma in childhood and adulthood; this was 1.6 times at age 44 years when using spirometry measures. Similar effect sizes were observed in the GEE models when considering all participants (OR 2.9; 95% CI 2.6⁻3.2). Childhood and adult asthma were consistently associated with infant eczema both by using the self-reported data and lung measures.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Hinchliffe S, Jackson M, Wyatt K, Barlow A, Barreto M, Clare L, Deplege M, Durie R, Fleming L, Groom N, et al (2018). Healthy publics: Enabling cultures and environments for health.
Palgrave Communications Full text.
2017
Cracknell D, White MP, Pahl S, Depledge MH (2017). A preliminary investigation into the restorative potential of public aquaria exhibits: a UK student-based study.
Landscape Research,
42(1), 18-32.
Abstract:
A preliminary investigation into the restorative potential of public aquaria exhibits: a UK student-based study
© 2016 Landscape Research Group Ltd. Even ‘managed’ natural settings, such as botanical gardens and zoos, can provide restorative experiences. Well-being benefits may also be greater in land/waterscapes with greater biodiversity (eg, species richness). Using two photo studies with student participants, we explored aesthetic and behavioural preferences, affect and the restorative potential of multiple public aquaria exhibits, including variation in biodiversity. Study 1 (N = 39) found that aquarium exhibits, in general, scored as highly as natural environments (eg, green space) on all dimensions. Study 2 (N = 40) examined whether responses were influenced by exhibit characteristics including: climatic region (tropical/temperate), biological group (vertebrates/invertebrates), species richness (high/low) and abundance of individuals (high/low). Supporting predictions, tropical, vertebrate (fish) and high species richness exhibits were generally rated more positively than temperate/invertebrate/low species richness exhibits. However, some low richness/high abundance exhibits were also rated unexpectedly positively. Findings are discussed within the context of the growing well-being and biodiversity literature.
Abstract.
White M, Lovell R, Wheeler B, Pahl S, Voelker S, Depledge M (2017). Blue Landscapes and Public Health. In van den Bosch M, Bird W (Eds.) Landscape and Public Health, Oxford OU.
White CJ, Carlsen H, Robertson AW, Klein RJT, Lazo JK, Kumar A, Vitart F, Coughlan de Perez E, Ray AJ, Murray V, et al (2017). Potential applications of subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) predictions.
Meteorological Applications,
24(3), 315-325.
Abstract:
Potential applications of subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) predictions
© 2017 Royal Meteorological Society While seasonal outlooks have been operational for many years, until recently the extended-range timescale referred to as subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) has received little attention. S2S prediction fills the gap between short-range weather prediction and long-range seasonal outlooks. Decisions in a range of sectors are made in this extended-range lead time; therefore, there is a strong demand for this new generation of forecasts. International efforts are under way to identify key sources of predictability, improve forecast skill and operationalize aspects of S2S forecasts; however, challenges remain in advancing this new frontier. If S2S predictions are to be used effectively, it is important that, along with science advances, an effort is made to develop, communicate and apply these forecasts appropriately. In this study, the emerging operational S2S forecasts are presented to the wider weather and climate applications community by undertaking the first comprehensive review of sectoral applications of S2S predictions, including public health, disaster preparedness, water management, energy and agriculture. The value of applications-relevant S2S predictions is explored, and the opportunities and challenges facing their uptake are highlighted. It is shown how social sciences can be integrated with S2S development, from communication to decision-making and valuation of forecasts, to enhance the benefits of ‘climate services’ approaches for extended-range forecasting. While S2S forecasting is at a relatively early stage of development, it is concluded that it presents a significant new window of opportunity that can be explored for application-ready capabilities that could allow many sectors the opportunity to systematically plan on a new time horizon.
Abstract.
Watts N, Adger WN, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Bai Y, Byass P, Campbell-Lendrum D, Colbourn T, Cox P, Davies M, Depledge M, et al (2017). The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change.
Lancet,
389(10074), 1151-1164.
Abstract:
The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change.
The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change is an international, multidisciplinary research collaboration between academic institutions and practitioners across the world. It follows on from the work of the 2015 Lancet Commission, which concluded that the response to climate change could be "the greatest global health opportunity of the 21st century". The Lancet Countdown aims to track the health impacts of climate hazards; health resilience and adaptation; health co-benefits of climate change mitigation; economics and finance; and political and broader engagement. These focus areas form the five thematic working groups of the Lancet Countdown and represent different aspects of the complex association between health and climate change. These thematic groups will provide indicators for a global overview of health and climate change; national case studies highlighting countries leading the way or going against the trend; and engagement with a range of stakeholders. The Lancet Countdown ultimately aims to report annually on a series of indicators across these five working groups. This paper outlines the potential indicators and indicator domains to be tracked by the collaboration, with suggestions on the methodologies and datasets available to achieve this end. The proposed indicator domains require further refinement, and mark the beginning of an ongoing consultation process-from November, 2016 to early 2017-to develop these domains, identify key areas not currently covered, and change indicators where necessary. This collaboration will actively seek to engage with existing monitoring processes, such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals and WHO's climate and health country profiles. The indicators will also evolve over time through ongoing collaboration with experts and a range of stakeholders, and be dependent on the emergence of new evidence and knowledge. During the course of its work, the Lancet Countdown will adopt a collaborative and iterative process, which aims to complement existing initiatives, welcome engagement with new partners, and be open to developing new research projects on health and climate change.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Full text.
2016
Cracknell D, White MP, Pahl S, Nichols WJ, Depledge MH (2016). Marine Biota and Psychological Well-Being: a Preliminary Examination of Dose-Response Effects in an Aquarium Setting.
Environ Behav,
48(10), 1242-1269.
Abstract:
Marine Biota and Psychological Well-Being: a Preliminary Examination of Dose-Response Effects in an Aquarium Setting.
Exposure to natural environments can have calming and stress-reducing effects on humans. Moreover, previous studies suggest that these benefits may be greater in areas with higher species richness. Our study took advantage of a "natural experiment" to examine people's behavioral, physiological, and psychological reactions to increases in levels of marine biota in a large aquarium exhibit during three stages of restocking: Unstocked, Partially stocked, and Fully stocked. We found that increased biota levels were associated with longer spontaneous viewing of the exhibit, greater reductions in heart rate, greater increases in self-reported mood, and higher interest. We suggest that higher biota levels, even in managed settings, may be associated with important well-being and health benefits, particularly for individuals not able to access the natural analogues of managed environments.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Full text.
Sabel CE, Hiscock R, Asikainen A, Bi J, Depledge M, van den Elshout S, Friedrich R, Huang G, Hurley F, Jantunen M, et al (2016). Public health impacts of city policies to reduce climate change: findings from the URGENCHE EU-China project.
Environ Health,
15 Suppl 1Abstract:
Public health impacts of city policies to reduce climate change: findings from the URGENCHE EU-China project.
BACKGROUND: Climate change is a global threat to health and wellbeing. Here we provide findings of an international research project investigating the health and wellbeing impacts of policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in urban environments. METHODS: Five European and two Chinese city authorities and partner academic organisations formed the project consortium. The methodology involved modelling the impact of adopted urban climate-change mitigation transport, buildings and energy policy scenarios, usually for the year 2020 and comparing them with business as usual (BAU) scenarios (where policies had not been adopted). Carbon dioxide emissions, health impacting exposures (air pollution, noise and physical activity), health (cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer and leukaemia) and wellbeing (including noise related wellbeing, overall wellbeing, economic wellbeing and inequalities) were modelled. The scenarios were developed from corresponding known levels in 2010 and pre-existing exposure response functions. Additionally there were literature reviews, three longitudinal observational studies and two cross sectional surveys. RESULTS: There are four key findings. Firstly introduction of electric cars may confer some small health benefits but it would be unwise for a city to invest in electric vehicles unless their power generation fuel mix generates fewer emissions than petrol and diesel. Second, adopting policies to reduce private car use may have benefits for carbon dioxide reduction and positive health impacts through reduced noise and increased physical activity. Third, the benefits of carbon dioxide reduction from increasing housing efficiency are likely to be minor and co-benefits for health and wellbeing are dependent on good air exchange. Fourthly, although heating dwellings by in-home biomass burning may reduce carbon dioxide emissions, consequences for health and wellbeing were negative with the technology in use in the cities studied. CONCLUSIONS: the climate-change reduction policies reduced CO2 emissions (the most common greenhouse gas) from cities but impact on global emissions of CO2 would be more limited due to some displacement of emissions. The health and wellbeing impacts varied and were often limited reflecting existing relatively high quality of life and environmental standards in most of the participating cities; the greatest potential for future health benefit occurs in less developed or developing countries.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Full text.
White MP, Elliott LR, Taylor TJ, Wheeler BW, Spencer AE, Bone A, Depledge MH, Fleming LE (2016). Recreational physical activity in natural environments and implications for health: a population based cross-sectional study in England.
Preventative Medicine Full text.
Wheeler BW, Depledge MH (2016). Section 3: Indicators of urban green space availability, accessibility and usage, and assessment of their health relevance. World Health Organisation, Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe.
White MP, Bell S, Jenkin R, Wheeler B, Depledge M (2016). The benefits of blue exercise. In Barton J, Bragg R, Wood C, Pretty J (Eds.) Green Exercise: Linking Nature, Health and Well-Being, Routledge.
White MP, Pahl S, Wheeler BW, Fleming LEF, Depledge MH (2016). The ‘Blue Gym’: What can blue space do for you and what can you do for blue space?.
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,
96(1), 5-12.
Abstract:
The ‘Blue Gym’: What can blue space do for you and what can you do for blue space?
The Blue Gym Initiative was created in the UK in 2009 to explore: (1) whether blue space environments might be positively related to human health and well-being; and (2) whether the public could be encouraged to preserve and protect these environments. Whilst the wider initiative considers all blue spaces including inland bodies of water (e.g. lakes, rivers and canals as well as the coasts and oceans), to date the focus has been primarily on marine and coastal environments. In this paper, we provide a brief history of the Blue Gym Initiative, and outline some of the research that has emerged to date. An important early finding was the observation that individuals living near the coast are generally healthier and happier than those living inland; much subsequent work has tried to understand why this might be. More recently we have begun to focus on how to promote pro-marine behaviours (e.g. sustainable fish choice, reduction of plastic use, avoidance of littering). This strand is still very much work in progress but highlights the importance of understanding public awareness, values and attitudes and the power of visualization in communicating the marine sustainability issues. We conclude with a brief discussion of some of the implications of the findings and future research needs.
Abstract.
2015
Sutherland WJ, Clout M, Depledge M, Dicks LV, Dinsdale J, Entwistle AC, Fleishman E, Gibbons DW, Keim B, Lickorish FA, et al (2015). A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2015.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
30(1), 17-24.
Abstract:
A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2015
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This paper presents the results of our sixth annual horizon scan, which aims to identify phenomena that may have substantial effects on the global environment, but are not widely known or well understood. A group of professional horizon scanners, researchers, practitioners, and a journalist identified 15 topics via an iterative, Delphi-like process. The topics include a novel class of insecticide compounds, legalisation of recreational drugs, and the emergence of a new ecosystem associated with ice retreat in the Antarctic.
Abstract.
Wheeler BW, Lovell R, Higgins SL, White MP, Alcock I, Osborne NJ, Husk K, Sabel CE, Depledge MH (2015). Beyond greenspace: an ecological study of population general health and indicators of natural environment type and quality.
Int J Health Geogr,
14Abstract:
Beyond greenspace: an ecological study of population general health and indicators of natural environment type and quality.
BACKGROUND: Many studies suggest that exposure to natural environments ('greenspace') enhances human health and wellbeing. Benefits potentially arise via several mechanisms including stress reduction, opportunity and motivation for physical activity, and reduced air pollution exposure. However, the evidence is mixed and sometimes inconclusive. One explanation may be that "greenspace" is typically treated as a homogenous environment type. However, recent research has revealed that different types and qualities of natural environments may influence health and wellbeing to different extents. METHODS: This ecological study explores this issue further using data on land cover type, bird species richness, water quality and protected or designated status to create small-area environmental indicators across Great Britain. Associations between these indicators and age/sex standardised prevalence of both good and bad health from the 2011 Census were assessed using linear regression models. Models were adjusted for indicators of socio-economic deprivation and rurality, and also investigated effect modification by these contextual characteristics. RESULTS: Positive associations were observed between good health prevalence and the density of the greenspace types, "broadleaf woodland", "arable and horticulture", "improved grassland", "saltwater" and "coastal", after adjusting for potential confounders. Inverse associations with bad health prevalence were observed for the same greenspace types, with the exception of "saltwater". Land cover diversity and density of protected/designated areas were also associated with good and bad health in the predicted manner. Bird species richness (an indicator of local biodiversity) was only associated with good health prevalence. Surface water quality, an indicator of general local environmental condition, was associated with good and bad health prevalence contrary to the manner expected, with poorer water quality associated with better population health. Effect modification by income deprivation and urban/rural status was observed for several of the indicators. CONCLUSIONS: the findings indicate that the type, quality and context of 'greenspace' should be considered in the assessment of relationships between greenspace and human health and wellbeing. Opportunities exist to further integrate approaches from ecosystem services and public health perspectives to maximise opportunities to inform policies for health and environmental improvement and protection.
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Hays J, Finkel ML, Depledge M, Law A, Shonkoff SBC (2015). Considerations for the development of shale gas in the United Kingdom.
Sci Total Environ,
512-513, 36-42.
Abstract:
Considerations for the development of shale gas in the United Kingdom.
The United States shale gas boom has precipitated global interest in the development of unconventional oil and gas resources. Recently, government ministers in the United Kingdom started granting licenses that will enable companies to begin initial exploration for shale gas. Meanwhile, concern is increasing among the scientific community about the potential impacts of shale gas and other types of unconventional natural gas development (UGD) on human health and the environment. Although significant data gaps remain, there has been a surge in the number of articles appearing in the scientific literature, nearly three-quarters of which has been published since the beginning of 2013. Important lessons can be drawn from the UGD experience in the United States. Here we explore these considerations and argue that shale gas development policies in the UK and elsewhere should be informed by empirical evidence generated on environmental, public health, and social risks. Additionally, policy decisions should take into account the measured effectiveness of harm reduction strategies as opposed to hypothetical scenarios and purported best practices that lack empirical support.
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Staddon PL, Depledge MH (2015). Fracking Cannot be Reconciled with Climate Change Mitigation Policies.
Environ Sci Technol,
49(14), 8269-8270.
Author URL.
Annerstedt van den Bosch M, Depledge MH (2015). Healthy people with nature in mind.
BMC Public Health,
15Abstract:
Healthy people with nature in mind.
BACKGROUND: the global disease burden resulting from climate change is likely to be substantial and will put further strain on public health systems that are already struggling to cope with demand. An up- stream solution, that of preventing climate change and associated adverse health effects, is a promising approach, which would create win-win-situations where both the environment and human health benefit. One such solution would be to apply methods of behaviour change to prompt pro-environmentalism, which in turn benefits health and wellbeing. DISCUSSION: Based on evidence from the behavioural sciences, we suggest that, like many social behaviours, pro- environmental behaviour can be automatically induced by internal or external stimuli. A potential trigger for such automatic pro-environmental behaviour would be natural environments themselves. Previous research has demonstrated that natural environments evoke specific psychological and physiological reactions, as demonstrated by self-reports, epidemiological studies, brain imaging techniques, and various biomarkers. This suggests that exposure to natural environments could have automatic behavioural effects, potentially in a pro-environmental direction, mediated by physiological reactions. Providing access and fostering exposure to natural environments could then serve as a public health tool, together with other measures, by mitigating climate change and achieving sustainable health in sustainable ecosystems. However, before such actions are implemented basic research is required to elucidate the mechanisms involved, and applied investigations are needed to explore real world impacts and effect magnitudes. As environmental research is still not sufficiently integrated within medical or public health studies there is an urgent need to promote interdisciplinary methods and investigations in this critical field. Health risks posed by anthropogenic climate change are large, unevenly distributed, and unpredictable. To ameliorate negative impacts, pro-environmental behaviours should be fostered. Potentially this could be achieved automatically through exposure to favourable natural environments, with an opportunity for cost-efficient nature-based solutions that provide benefits for both the environment and public health.
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Pretty J, Barton J, Pervez Bharucha Z, Bragg R, Pencheon D, Wood C, Depledge MH (2015). Improving health and well-being independently of GDP: dividends of greener and prosocial economies.
International Journal of Environmental Health ResearchAbstract:
Improving health and well-being independently of GDP: dividends of greener and prosocial economies
Increases in gross domestic product (GDP) beyond a threshold of basic needs do not lead to further increases in well-being. An explanation is that material consumption (MC) also results in negative health externalities. We assess how these externalities influence six factors critical for well-being: (i) healthy food; (ii) active body; (iii) healthy mind; (iv) community links; (v) contact with nature; and (vi) attachment to possessions. If environmentally sustainable consumption (ESC) were increasingly substituted for MC, thus improving well-being and stocks of natural and social capital, and sustainable behaviours involving non-material consumption (SBs-NMC) became more prevalent, then well-being would increase regardless of levels of GDP. In the UK, the individualised annual health costs of negative consumption externalities (NCEs) currently amount to £62 billion for the National Health Service, and £184 billion for the economy (for mental ill-health, dementia, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, loneliness and cardiovascular disease). A dividend is available if substitution by ESC and SBs-NMC could limit the prevalence of these conditions.
Abstract.
Reis S, Steinle S, Morris G, Fleming LE, Cowie H, Hurley F, Dick J, Smith R, Austen M, White M, et al (2015). Integrating Health & Environmental Impact Analysis.
Public Health,
2015, 1383-1389.
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Thomas F, Depledge M (2015). Medicine ‘misuse’: Implications for health and environmental sustainability.
Social Science & Medicine,
143, 81-87.
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White MP, Pahl S, Ashbullby KJ, Burton F, Depledge MH (2015). The Effects of Exercising in Different Natural Environments on Psycho-Physiological Outcomes in Post-Menopausal Women: a Simulation Study.
Int J Environ Res Public Health,
12(9), 11929-11953.
Abstract:
The Effects of Exercising in Different Natural Environments on Psycho-Physiological Outcomes in Post-Menopausal Women: a Simulation Study.
The current study examined potential psycho-physiological benefits from exercising in simulated natural environments among a sample of post-menopausal women using a laboratory based protocol. Participants cycled on a stationary exercise bike for 15 min while facing either a blank wall (Control) or while watching one of three videos: Urban (Grey), Countryside (Green), Coast (Blue). Blood pressure, heart rate and affective responses were measured pre-post. Heart rate, affect, perceived exertion and time perception were also measured at 5, 10 and 15 min during exercise. Experience evaluation was measured at the end. Replicating most earlier findings, affective, but not physiological, outcomes were more positive for exercise in the simulated Green and, for the first time, Blue environment, compared to Control. Moreover, only the simulated Blue environment was associated with shorter perceived exercise duration than Control and participants were most willing to repeat exercise in the Blue setting. The current research extended earlier work by exploring the effects of "blue exercise" and by using a demographic with relatively low average levels of physical activity. That this sample of postmenopausal women were most willing to repeat a bout of exercise in a simulated Blue environment may be important for physical activity promotion in this cohort.
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2014
Lovell R, Wheeler BW, Higgins SL, Irvine KN, Depledge MH (2014). A systematic review of the health and well-being benefits of biodiverse environments.
J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev,
17(1), 1-20.
Abstract:
A systematic review of the health and well-being benefits of biodiverse environments.
Recent ecosystem service models have placed biodiversity as a central factor in the processes that link the natural environment to health. While it is recognized that disturbed ecosystems might negatively affect human well-being, it is not clear whether biodiversity is related to or can promote "good" human health and well-being. The aim of this study was to systematically identify, summarize, and synthesize research that had examined whether biodiverse environments are health promoting. The objectives were twofold: (1) to map the interdisciplinary field of enquiry and (2) to assess whether current evidence enables us to characterize the relationship. Due to the heterogeneity of available evidence a narrative synthesis approach was used, which is textual rather than statistical. Extensive searches identified 17 papers that met the inclusion criteria: 15 quantitative and 2 qualitative. The evidence was varied in disciplinary origin, with authors approaching the question using different study designs and methods, and conceptualizations of biodiversity, health, and well-being. There is some evidence to suggest that biodiverse natural environments promote better health through exposure to pleasant environments or the encouragement of health-promoting behaviors. There was also evidence of inverse relationships, particularly at a larger scale (global analyses). However, overall the evidence is inconclusive and fails to identify a specific role for biodiversity in the promotion of better health. High-quality interdisciplinary research is needed to produce a more reliable evidence base. of particular importance is identifying the specific ecosystem services, goods, and processes through which biodiversity may generate good health and well-being.
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Clark NE, Lovell R, Wheeler BW, Higgins SL, Depledge MH, Norris K (2014). Biodiversity, cultural pathways, and human health: a framework.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
29(4), 198-204.
Abstract:
Biodiversity, cultural pathways, and human health: a framework
Direct contact with biodiversity is culturally important in a range of contexts. Many people even join conservation organisations to protect biodiversity that they will never encounter first-hand. Despite this, we have little idea how biodiversity affects people's well-being and health through these cultural pathways. Human health is sensitive to apparently trivial psychological stimuli, negatively affected by the risk of environmental degradation, and positively affected by contact with natural spaces. This suggests that well-being and health should be affected by biodiversity change, but few studies have begun to explore these relationships. Here, we develop a framework for linking biodiversity change with human cultural values, well-being, and health. We argue that better understanding these relations might be profoundly important for biodiversity conservation and public health. © 2014 the Authors.
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Staddon PL, Montgomery HE, Depledge MH (2014). Climate warming will not decrease winter mortality.
NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE,
4(3), 190-194.
Author URL.
White MP, Wheeler BW, Herbert S, Alcock I, Depledge MH (2014). Coastal proximity and physical activity. Is the coast an underappreciated public health resource?.
Preventive Medicine,
69, 135-140.
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Fleming LE, Haines A, Golding B, Kessel A, Cichowska A, Sabel CE, Depledge MH, Sarran C, Osborne NJ, Whitmore C, et al (2014). Data mashups: potential contribution to decision support on climate change and health.
Int J Environ Res Public Health,
11(2), 1725-1746.
Abstract:
Data mashups: potential contribution to decision support on climate change and health.
Linking environmental, socioeconomic and health datasets provides new insights into the potential associations between climate change and human health and wellbeing, and underpins the development of decision support tools that will promote resilience to climate change, and thus enable more effective adaptation. This paper outlines the challenges and opportunities presented by advances in data collection, storage, analysis, and access, particularly focusing on "data mashups". These data mashups are integrations of different types and sources of data, frequently using open application programming interfaces and data sources, to produce enriched results that were not necessarily the original reason for assembling the raw source data. As an illustration of this potential, this paper describes a recently funded initiative to create such a facility in the UK for use in decision support around climate change and health, and provides examples of suitable sources of data and the purposes to which they can be directed, particularly for policy makers and public health decision makers.
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White M, Cracknell D, Corcoran A, Jenkinson G, Depledge MH (2014). Do preferences for waterscapes persist in inclement weather conditions and extend to sub-aquatic scenes?. Landscape Research(39), 339-358.
Fossi MC, Depledge MH (2014). Exploring the potential of large vertebrates as early warning sentinels of threats to marine ecosystems, human health and wellbeing. Marine Environmental Research, 100, 1-2.
Fossi MC, Depledge MH (2014). Exploring the potential of large vertebrates as early warning sentinels of threats to marine ecosystems, human health and wellbeing.
Mar Environ Res,
100, 1-2.
Author URL.
Thomas F, Sabel CE, Morton K, Hiscock R, Depledge MH (2014). Extended impacts of climate change on health and wellbeing.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY,
44, 271-278.
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Wheeler B, White M, Fleming LE, Taylor T, Harvey A, Depledge MH (2014). Influences of the Oceans on human health and wellbeing. In Bowen R, Depledge MH, Carlarne CP, Fleming LE (Eds.) Oceans and Human Health: Implications for Society and Well-Being, London: Wiley.
Alcock I, White MP, Wheeler BW, Fleming L, Depledge MH (2014). Longitudinal Effects on Mental Health of Moving to Greener and Less Green Urban Areas.
Environmental Science and Technology (Washington),
48(2), 1247-1255.
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Galgani F, Claro F, Depledge M, Fossi C (2014). Monitoring the impact of litter in large vertebrates in the Mediterranean Sea within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD): Constraints, specificities and recommendations.
Marine Environmental Research,
100, 3-9.
Abstract:
Monitoring the impact of litter in large vertebrates in the Mediterranean Sea within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD): Constraints, specificities and recommendations
In its decision (2010/477/EU) relating to the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC), the European Commission identified the following points as focuses for monitoring:. (i) 10.1.1: Trends in the amount, source and composition of litter washed ashore and/or deposited on coastlines. (ii) 10.1.2: Trends in the amount and composition of litter in the water column and accumulation on the sea floor. (iii) 10.1.3: Trends in the amount, distribution and composition of micro-particles (mainly microplastics), and. (iv) 10.2.1: Trends in the amount and composition of litter ingested by marine animals.Monitoring the impacts of litter will be considered further in 2014. At that time, the strategy will be discussed in the context of the Mediterranean Sea, providing information on constraints, protocols, existing harm and research needed to support monitoring efforts.The definition of targets and acceptable levels of harm must take all factors into account, whether entanglement, ingestion, the transport and release of pollutants, the transport of alien species and socio-economic impacts. It must also reflect on the practical deployment of "ingestion" measures (10.2.1). The analysis of existing data will reveal the potential and suitability of some higher trophic level organisms (fish, turtles, birds and mammals) for monitoring the adverse effects of litter. Sea turtles appear to be useful indicator species, but the definition of an ecological quality objective is still needed, as well as research on alternative potential indicator species. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Galgani F, Claro F, Depledge M, Fossi C (2014). Monitoring the impact of litter in large vertebrates in the Mediterranean Sea within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD): Constraints, specificities and recommendations. Marine Environmental Research
Fleming LE, McDonough N, Austen M, Mee L, Moore M, Hess P, Depledge MH, White M, Philippart K, Bradbrook P, et al (2014). Oceans and Human Health: a rising tide of challenges and opportunities for Europe.
Mar Environ Res,
99, 16-19.
Abstract:
Oceans and Human Health: a rising tide of challenges and opportunities for Europe.
The European Marine Board recently published a position paper on linking oceans and human health as a strategic research priority for Europe. With this position paper as a reference, the March 2014 Cornwall Oceans and Human Health Workshop brought together key scientists, policy makers, funders, business, and non governmental organisations from Europe and the US to review the recent interdisciplinary and cutting edge research in oceans and human health specifically the growing evidence of the impacts of oceans and seas on human health and wellbeing (and the effects of humans on the oceans). These impacts are a complex mixture of negative influences (e.g. from climate change and extreme weather to harmful algal blooms and chemical pollution) and beneficial factors (e.g. from natural products including seafood to marine renewable energy and wellbeing from interactions with coastal environments). Integrated approaches across disciplines, institutions, and nations in science and policy are needed to protect both the oceans and human health and wellbeing now and in the future.
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Staddon P, Montgomery H, Depledge M (2014). Reply to 'A note of caution about the excess winter deaths measure'. Nature Climate Change, 4(8).
Kovats S, Depledge M, Haines A, Fleming LE, Wilkinson P, Shonkoff SB, Scovronick N (2014). The health implications of fracking. The Lancet, 383(9919), 757-758.
Kovats S, Depledge M, Haines A, Fleming LE, Wilkinson P, Shonkoff SB, Scovronick N (2014). The health implications of fracking.
Lancet,
383(9919), 757-758.
Author URL.
2013
Sutherland WJ, Bardsley S, Clout M, Depledge MH, Dicks LV, Fellman L, Fleishman E, Gibbons DW, Keim B, Lickorish F, et al (2013). A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2013.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
28(1), 16-22.
Abstract:
A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2013
This paper presents the findings of our fourth annual horizon-scanning exercise, which aims to identify topics that increasingly may affect conservation of biological diversity. The 15 issues were identified via an iterative, transferable process by a team of professional horizon scanners, researchers, practitioners, and a journalist. The 15 topics include the commercial use of antimicrobial peptides, thorium-fuelled nuclear power, and undersea oil production. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Tyrrell J, Fleming LE, Holgate ST (2013). Are marine environmental pollutants influencing global patterns of human disease?.
Mar Environ Res,
83, 93-95.
Abstract:
Are marine environmental pollutants influencing global patterns of human disease?
Thousands of toxic chemicals, many of which pollute marine ecosystems, potentially cause diseases, but building a consensus view of the significance of human body burdens of environmental chemicals is proving difficult. Causative mechanisms are often lacking. Older members of the population, of which there are increasing numbers worldwide, accumulate higher body burdens than the young, and may be especially at risk. It also remains unclear when crucially sensitive periods for chemical exposures occur across the life course. Very early exposures may lead to diseases much later on. The current lack of robust science upon which to base high quality expert advice is hampering effective policymaking that leads to further reductions in marine pollution, greater protection of marine life and lowering of risks to human health.
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Author URL.
Depledge MH, Harvey AJ, Brownlee C, Frost M, Moore MN, Fleming LE (2013). Changing views of the interconnections between the oceans and human health in Europe.
Microb Ecol,
65(4), 852-859.
Abstract:
Changing views of the interconnections between the oceans and human health in Europe.
Early steps in the emergence of the discipline of "Oceans and Human Health" are charted in the USA and discussed in relation to past and present marine environment and human health research activities in Europe. Differences in terminology are considered, as well as differences in circumstances related to the various seas of Europe and the intensity of human coastal activity and impact. Opportunities to progress interdisciplinary research are described, and the value of horizon scanning for the early identification of emerging issues is highlighted. The challenges facing researchers and policymakers addressing oceans and human health issues are outlined and some suggestions offered regarding how further progress in research and training into both the risks and benefits of Oceans and Human Health might be made on both sides of the Atlantic.
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White MP, Alcock I, Wheeler BW, Depledge MH (2013). Coastal proximity, health and well-being: Results from a longitudinal panel survey.
Health & Place,
23, 97-103.
Abstract:
Coastal proximity, health and well-being: Results from a longitudinal panel survey
Abstract Analysis of English census data revealed a positive association between self-reported health and living near the coast. However that analysis was based on cross-sectional data and was unable to control for potential selection effects (e.g. generally healthier, personality types moving to coastal locations). In the current study we have used English panel data to explore the relationship between the proximity to the coast and indicators of generic and mental health for the same individuals over time. This allowed us to control for both time-invariant factors such as personality and compare the strength of any relationship to that of other relationships (e.g. employment vs. unemployment). In support of cross-sectional analysis, individuals reported significantly better general health and lower levels of mental distress when living nearer the coast, controlling for both individual (e.g. employment status) and area (e.g. green space) level factors. No coastal effect on life satisfaction was found. Although individual level coastal proximity effects for general health and mental distress were small, their cumulative impact at the community level may be meaningful for policy makers.
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White MP, Pahl S, Ashbullby K, Herbert S, Depledge MH (2013). Feelings of restoration from recent nature visits.
Journal of Environmental Psychology,
35, 40-51.
Abstract:
Feelings of restoration from recent nature visits
Exposure to natural environments can help restore depleted emotional and cognitive resources. However, investigation of the relative impacts of different natural environments among large samples is limited. Using data from 4255 respondents drawn from Natural England's Monitoring Engagement with the Natural Environment survey (2009-2011), we investigated feelings of restoration (calm, relaxed, revitalized and refreshed) recalled by individuals after visits to different natural environments within the last week. Controlling for demographic and visit characteristics we found that of the broad environmental categories, coastal visits were associated with the most restoration and town and urban parks with the least. In terms of specific environmental types two "green space" locations (woodlands/forests and hills/moorland/mountains) were associated with levels of restoration comparable to coastal locations. Urban playing fields were associated with the least restoration. Restoration was positively associated with visit duration (a potential dose-response effect), and visits with children were associated with less restoration than visits alone. There was little evidence that different activities (e.g. walking, exercising) were associated with differences in restoration. The data may improve our understanding of the "cultural eco-system services" provided by different natural environments and help decision makers keen to invest scare resources in those environments most associated with psychological benefits. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Tyrrell J, Galloway TS, Abo-Zaid G, Melzer D, Depledge MH, Osborne NJ (2013). High urinary tungsten concentration is associated with stroke in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010.
PLoS One,
8(11).
Abstract:
High urinary tungsten concentration is associated with stroke in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010.
BACKGROUND: in recent years there has been an exponential increase in tungsten demand, potentially increasing human exposure to the metal. Currently, the toxicology of tungsten is poorly understood, but mounting evidence suggests that both the elemental metal and its alloys have cytotoxic effects. Here, we investigate the association between tungsten and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or stroke using six waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS: We investigated associations using crude and adjusted logistic regression models in a cohort of 8614 adults (18-74 years) with 193 reported stroke diagnoses and 428 reported diagnoses of CVD. We also stratified our data to characterize associations in a subset of younger individuals (18-50 years). RESULTS: Elevated tungsten concentrations were strongly associated with an increase in the prevalence of stroke, independent of typical risk factors (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.66, 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): 1.17, 2.34). The association between tungsten and stroke in the young age category was still evident (OR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.33, 3.53). CONCLUSION: This study represents the most comprehensive analysis of the human health effects of tungsten to date. Individuals with higher urinary tungsten concentrations have double the odds of reported stroke. We hypothesize that the pathological pathway resulting from tungsten exposure may involve oxidative stress.
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Moore MN, Baker-Austin C, Depledge MH, Fleming L, Hess P, Lees D, Leaonard P, Madsen L, Owen R, Pirlet H, et al (2013). Linking Oceans and Human Health: a Strategic research Priority for Europe.
Pollard AS, Taylor TJ, Fleming LE, Stahl-Timmins W, Depledge MH, Osborne NJ (2013). Mainstreaming carbon management in healthcare systems: a bottom-up modeling approach.
Environ Sci Technol,
47(2), 678-686.
Abstract:
Mainstreaming carbon management in healthcare systems: a bottom-up modeling approach.
Increasing greenhouse gas emissions threaten human health and the environment. In response, healthcare managers face significant challenges in balancing operational decisions about patient care with carbon mitigation targets. We explore a bottom-up modeling framework to aid in the decision-making for both carbon and cost in healthcare, using data from a case study in Cornwall, UK. A model was built and run for secondary healthcare, specifically outpatient clinics, theater lists, beds, and diagnostic facilities. Five scenarios were tested: business-as-usual; service expansion; site closure; water temperature reduction; and theater optimization. The estimated emissions from secondary healthcare in Cornwall ran to 5787 T CO(2)eq with patient travel adding 2215 T CO(2)eq. Closing selected sites would have reduced this by 4% (261 T CO(2)eq), a reduction less than the resulting increases in patient transport emissions. Reducing hot water temperatures by 5 °C and improving theater usage would lower the footprint by 0.7% (44 T CO(2)eq) and 0.08% (5 T CO(2)eq), respectively. We consider bottom-up models important tools in the process of estimating and modeling the carbon footprint of healthcare. For the carbon reduction targets of the healthcare sector to be met, the use of these bottom-up models in decision making and forward planning is pivotal.
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Depledge MH, Fosse-Hansen S, Howard V, Martuzzi M (2013).
Nanotechnology and human health: Scientific evidence and risk governance. WHO.
Abstract:
Nanotechnology and human health: Scientific evidence and risk governance
Abstract.
Moore MN, Depledge MH, Fleming L, Hess P, Lees D, Leonard P, Madsen L, Owen R, Pirlet H, Seys J, et al (2013). Oceans and Human Health (OHH): a European perspective from the Marine Board of the European Science Foundation (Marine Board-ESF).
Microb Ecol,
65(4), 889-900.
Abstract:
Oceans and Human Health (OHH): a European perspective from the Marine Board of the European Science Foundation (Marine Board-ESF).
The oceans and coastal seas provide mankind with many benefits including food for around a third of the global population, the air that we breathe and our climate system which enables habitation of much of the planet. However, the converse is that generation of natural events (such as hurricanes, severe storms and tsunamis) can have devastating impacts on coastal populations, while pollution of the seas by pathogens and toxic waste can cause illness and death in humans and animals. Harmful effects from biogenic toxins produced by algal blooms (HABs) and from the pathogens associated with microbial pollution are also a health hazard in seafood and from direct contact with water. The overall global burden of human disease caused by sewage pollution of coastal waters has been estimated at 4 million lost person-years annually. Finally, the impacts of all of these issues will be exacerbated by climate change. A holistic systems approach is needed. It must consider whole ecosystems, and their sustainability, such as integrated coastal zone management, is necessary to address the highly interconnected scientific challenges of increased human population pressure, pollution and over-exploitation of food (and other) resources as drivers of adverse ecological, social and economic impacts. There is also an urgent and critical requirement for effective and integrated public health solutions to be developed through the formulation of politically and environmentally meaningful policies. The research community required to address "Oceans & Human Health" in Europe is currently very fragmented, and recognition by policy makers of some of the problems, outlined in the list of challenges above, is limited. Nevertheless, relevant key policy issues for governments worldwide include the reduction of the burden of disease (including the early detection of emerging pathogens and other threats) and improving the quality of the global environment. Failure to effectively address these issues will impact adversely on efforts to alleviate poverty, sustain the availability of environmental goods and services and improve health and social and economic stability; and thus, will impinge on many policy decisions, both nationally and internationally. Knowledge exchange (KE) will be a key element of any ensuing research. KE will facilitate the integration of biological, medical, epidemiological, social and economic disciplines, as well as the emergence of synergies between seemingly unconnected areas of science and socio-economic issues, and will help to leverage knowledge transfer across the European Union (EU) and beyond. An integrated interdisciplinary systems approach is an effective way to bring together the appropriate groups of scientists, social scientists, economists, industry and other stakeholders with the policy formulators in order to address the complexities of interfacial problems in the area of environment and human health. The Marine Board of the European Science Foundation Working Group on "Oceans and Human Health" has been charged with developing a position paper on this topic with a view to identifying the scientific, social and economic challenges and making recommendations to the EU on policy-relevant research and development activities in this arena. This paper includes the background to health-related issues linked to the coastal environment and highlights the main arguments for an ecosystem-based whole systems approach.
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Palomino M, Taylor T, McBride G, Mortimer H, Owen R, Depledge M (2013). Optimising Web-Based Information Retrieval Methods for Horizon Scanning Using Relevance Feedback. Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS 2013), 1139-1146.
Phoenix C, Osborne NJ, Redshaw C, Moran R, Stahl-Timmins W, Depledge MH, Fleming LE, Wheeler BW (2013). Paradigmatic approaches to studying environment and human health: (Forgotten) implications for interdisciplinary research.
Environmental Science and Policy,
25, 218-228.
Abstract:
Paradigmatic approaches to studying environment and human health: (Forgotten) implications for interdisciplinary research
Interdisciplinary research is increasingly promoted in a wide range of fields, especially so in
the study of relationships between the environment and human health. However, many
projects and research teams struggle to address exactly how researchers from a multitude of
disciplinary and methodological backgrounds can best work together to maximize the value
of this approach to research. In this paper, we briefly review the role of interdisciplinary
research, and emphasise that it is not only our discipline and methods, but our research
paradigms, that shape the way that we work. We summarise three key research paradigms –
positivism, postpositivism and interpretivism – with an example of how each might
approach a given environment-health research issue. In turn, we argue that understanding
the paradigm from which each researcher operates is fundamental to enabling and optimizing
the integration of research disciplines, now argued by many to be necessary for our
understanding of the complexities of the interconnections between human health and our
environment as well as their impacts in the policy arena. We recognise that a comprehensive
interrogation of research approaches and philosophies would require far greater length
than is available in a journal paper. However, our intention is to instigate debate, recognition,
and appreciation of the different worlds inhabited by the multitude of researchers
involved in this rapidly expanding field.
Abstract.
Phoenix C, Osborne NJ, Redshaw C, Moran R, Stahl-Timmins W, Depledge MH, Fleming LE, Wheeler BW (2013). Paradigmatic approaches to studying environment and human health: (Forgotten) implications for interdisciplinary research.
Environmental Science and Policy,
25, 218-228.
Abstract:
Paradigmatic approaches to studying environment and human health: (Forgotten) implications for interdisciplinary research
Interdisciplinary research is increasingly promoted in a wide range of fields, especially so in the study of relationships between the environment and human health. However, many projects and research teams struggle to address exactly how researchers from a multitude of disciplinary and methodological backgrounds can best work together to maximize the value of this approach to research. In this paper, we briefly review the role of interdisciplinary research, and emphasise that it is not only our discipline and methods, but our research paradigms, that shape the way that we work. We summarise three key research paradigms - positivism, postpositivism and interpretivism - with an example of how each might approach a given environment-health research issue. In turn, we argue that understanding the paradigm from which each researcher operates is fundamental to enabling and optimizing the integration of research disciplines, now argued by many to be necessary for our understanding of the complexities of the interconnections between human health and our environment as well as their impacts in the policy arena. We recognise that a comprehensive interrogation of research approaches and philosophies would require far greater length than is available in a journal paper. However, our intention is to instigate debate, recognition, and appreciation of the different worlds inhabited by the multitude of researchers involved in this rapidly expanding field. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Galgani F, Panti C, Caliani I, Casini S, Fossi MC (2013). Plastic litter in the sea.
Marine Environmental Research,
92, 279-281.
Abstract:
Plastic litter in the sea
On June 2013 a workshop at the University of Siena (Italy) was organized to review current knowledge and to clarify what is known, and what remains to be investigated, concerning plastic litter in the sea. The content of the workshop was designed to contribute further to the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) following an inaugural workshop in 2012. Here we report a number of statements relevant to policymakers and scientists that was overwhelming agreement from the participants. Many might view this as already providing sufficient grounds for policy action. At the very least, this early warning of the problems that lie ahead should be taken seriously, and serve as a stimulus for further research.© 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Galgani F, Panti C, Caliani I, Casini S, Fossi MC (2013). Plastic litter in the sea.
Mar Environ Res,
92, 279-281.
Abstract:
Plastic litter in the sea.
On June 2013 a workshop at the University of Siena (Italy) was organized to review current knowledge and to clarify what is known, and what remains to be investigated, concerning plastic litter in the sea. The content of the workshop was designed to contribute further to the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) following an inaugural workshop in 2012. Here we report a number of statements relevant to policymakers and scientists that was overwhelming agreement from the participants. Many might view this as already providing sufficient grounds for policy action. At the very least, this early warning of the problems that lie ahead should be taken seriously, and serve as a stimulus for further research.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Redshaw CH, Stahl-Timmins WM, Fleming LE, Davidson I, Depledge MH (2013). Potential changes in disease patterns and pharmaceutical use in response to climate change.
J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev,
16(5), 285-320.
Abstract:
Potential changes in disease patterns and pharmaceutical use in response to climate change.
As climate change alters environmental conditions, the incidence and global patterns of human diseases are changing. These modifications to disease profiles and the effects upon human pharmaceutical usage are discussed. Climate-related environmental changes are associated with a rise in the incidence of chronic diseases already prevalent in the Northern Hemisphere, for example, cardiovascular disease and mental illness, leading to greater use of associated heavily used Western medications. Sufferers of respiratory diseases may exhibit exacerbated symptoms due to altered environmental conditions (e.g. pollen). Respiratory, water-borne, and food-borne toxicants and infections, including those that are vector borne, may become more common in Western countries, central and eastern Asia, and across North America. As new disease threats emerge, substantially higher pharmaceutical use appears inevitable, especially of pharmaceuticals not commonly employed at present (e.g. antiprotozoals). The use of medications for the treatment of general symptoms (e.g. analgesics) will also rise. These developments need to be viewed in the context of other major environmental changes (e.g. industrial chemical pollution, biodiversity loss, reduced water and food security) as well as marked shifts in human demographics, including aging of the population. To identify, prevent, mitigate, and adapt to potential threats, one needs to be aware of the major factors underlying changes in the use of pharmaceuticals and their subsequent release, deliberately or unintentionally, into the environment. This review explores the likely consequences of climate change upon the use of medical pharmaceuticals in the Northern Hemisphere.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Full text.
Stahl-Timmins W, White M, Depledge M, Fleming L, Redshaw C (2013). The Pharma Transport Town: Understanding the Routes to Sustainable Pharmaceutical Use.
SCIENCE,
339(6119), 515-515.
Author URL.
White MP, Alcock I, Wheeler BW, Depledge MH (2013). Would you be happier living in a greener urban area? a fixed-effects analysis of panel data.
Psychol Sci,
24(6), 920-928.
Abstract:
Would you be happier living in a greener urban area? a fixed-effects analysis of panel data.
Urbanization is a potential threat to mental health and well-being. Cross-sectional evidence suggests that living closer to urban green spaces, such as parks, is associated with lower mental distress. However, earlier research was unable to control for time-invariant heterogeneity (e.g. personality) and focused on indicators of poor psychological health. The current research advances the field by using panel data from over 10,000 individuals to explore the relation between urban green space and well-being (indexed by ratings of life satisfaction) and between urban green space and mental distress (indexed by General Health Questionnaire scores) for the same people over time. Controlling for individual and regional covariates, we found that, on average, individuals have both lower mental distress and higher well-being when living in urban areas with more green space. Although effects at the individual level were small, the potential cumulative benefit at the community level highlights the importance of policies to protect and promote urban green spaces for well-being.
Abstract.
Author URL.
2012
Sutherland WJ, Aveling R, Bennun L, Chapman E, Clout M, Côté IM, Depledge MH, Dicks LV, Dobson AP, Fellman L, et al (2012). A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2012.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
27(1), 12-18.
Abstract:
A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2012
Our aim in conducting annual horizon scans is to identify issues that, although currently receiving little attention, may be of increasing importance to the conservation of biological diversity in the future. The 15 issues presented here were identified by a diverse team of 22 experts in horizon scanning, and conservation science and its application. Methods for identifying and refining issues were the same as in two previous annual scans and are widely transferable to other disciplines. The issues highlight potential changes in climate, technology and human behaviour. Examples include warming of the deep sea, increased cultivation of perennial grains, burning of Arctic tundra, and the development of nuclear batteries and hydrokinetic in-stream turbines. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Wheeler BW, White M, Stahl-Timmins W, Depledge MH (2012). Does living by the coast improve health and wellbeing?.
Health and Place Full text.
Phoenix C, Osborne NJ, Redshaw C, Moran R, Stahl-Timmins W, Depledge MH, Fleming LE, Wheeler BW (2012). Paradigmatic approaches to studying environment and human health: (Forgotten) implications for interdisciplinary research. Environmental Science and Policy
van den Hove S, McGlade J, Mottet P, Depledge MH (2012). The Innovation Union: a perfect means to confused ends?.
Environmental Science and Policy,
16, 73-80.
Abstract:
The Innovation Union: a perfect means to confused ends?
In this commentary we argue that innovation is a means, not an end in itself. Innovation is only desirable to the extent that it improves human health and well-being and contributes to environmental, social, and economic sustainability. If innovation is merely focussed on bringing more products to markets and delivering economic growth in the short term, as is currently the trend in the European Union and many OECD countries, it is unclear how it differs from the dominant pre-crisis approach which, notwithstanding its positive effects on living standards, led to unsustainable resource use, crippling biodiversity loss, and increasing greenhouse gas emissions. As the future European research, development and innovation policies are being defined, we should not miss an historic opportunity to concentrate on improving human health, well-being and quality of life, and to embark on a more ecologically, socially and economically sustainable path. Given the scale and irreversibility of our damaging effects on the environment and on the well-being of current and future generations, we call for these aspects to be urgently represented in European innovation discourses, policies, and actions. Re-balancing market focussed innovation and socially meaningful and responsible innovation (i.e. innovation with a human purpose) can be achieved by building on a broader concept of innovation which not only includes technological innovation, but also non-technological, social, institutional, organisational and behavioural innovation. We then discuss the importance of curiosity-driven research and of environment and health research as drivers of socially meaningful innovation in all its forms. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Fossi MC, Casini S, Caliani I, Panti C, Marsili L, Viarengo A, Giangreco R, Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Serena F, Ouerghi A, et al (2012). The role of large marine vertebrates in the assessment of the quality of pelagic marine ecosystems. Marine Environmental Research
Fossi MC, Casini S, Caliani I, Panti C, Marsili L, Viarengo A, Giangreco R, Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Serena F, Ouerghi A, et al (2012). The role of large marine vertebrates in the assessment of the quality of pelagic marine ecosystems.
Marine Environmental Research,
77, 156-158.
Abstract:
The role of large marine vertebrates in the assessment of the quality of pelagic marine ecosystems
The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy has been developed and is being implemented, with the objective to deliver "Good Environmental Status" by 2020. A pragmatic way forward has been achieved through the development of 11 "qualitative descriptors". In an attempt to identify gaps in MSFD, regarding the data on large marine vertebrates, the SETAC - Italian Branch organised a workshop in Siena (IT). Particular attention was paid to the qualitative descriptors 8 (contaminants and pollution effects) and 10 (marine litter). The specific remit was to discuss the potential use of large marine vertebrates (from large pelagic fish, sea turtles, sea birds and cetaceans) in determining the environmental status of pelagic marine ecosystems. During the workshop it emerged that large pelagic fish may be especially useful for monitoring short- to medium-term changes in pelagic ecosystems, while cetaceans provided a more integrated view over the long-term. A theme that strongly emerged was the broad recognition that biomarkers offer real potential for the determination of good ecological status detecting the "undesirable biological effects" (indicator for descriptor 8). © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
2011
Pearson M, Jones-Hughes T, Whear R, Cooper C, Peters J, Evans EH, Depledge M (2011). Are interventions to reduce the impact of arsenic contamination of groundwater
on human health in developing countries effective?: a systematic review
protocol.
Environmental Evidence Author URL.
Pearson M, Jones-Hughes T, Whear R, Cooper C, Peters J, Evans EH, Depledge M (2011). Are interventions to reduce the impact of arsenic contamination of groundwater on human health in developing countries effective?: a systematic review protocol.
Environmental Evidence,
1, 1-7.
Author URL.
Depledge MH, Stone RJ, Bird WJ (2011). Can natural and virtual environments be used to promote improved human health and wellbeing?.
Environ Sci Technol,
45(11), 4660-4665.
Abstract:
Can natural and virtual environments be used to promote improved human health and wellbeing?
Exposure of individuals to natural environments, such as forests and coastlines, can promote stress reduction and assist in mental recovery following intensive cognitive activities. Settings as simple as hospital window views onto garden-like scenes can also be influential in reducing patients' postoperative recovery periods and analgesic requirements. This paper reviews the evidence supporting the exploitation of these restorative natural environments in future healthcare strategies. The paper also describes early research addressing the development of multisensory, computer-generated restorative environments for the benefit of patients with a variety of psychologically related conditions (including depression, attention deficit disorder, pain, and sleep deficit), who may be unable to access and experience real natural environments, such as those in hospices, military rehabilitation centers, and long-term care facilities. The Table of Contents art is a virtual reconstruction of Wembury Bay, in the southwest of the UK, based on imported Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) to provide the topography and a high-resolution aerial image to provide a template for the location of 3D building and vegetation models, rock features, and pathways. The 3D environment is rendered using the Unity 3 Game Development Tool and includes spatial sound effects (waves, wind, birdsong, etc.), physics-based features (such as early morning sea mist), time-of-day cycles, and real-time weather changes. The Village Church of St. Werburgh can also be seen in this image.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Coon JT, Boddy K, Stein K, Whear R, Barton J, Depledge M (2011). DOES PARTICIPATING IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN OUTDOOR NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS HAVE a GREATER EFFECT ON PHYSICAL AND MENTAL WELLBEING THAN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INDOORS? a SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.
JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH,
65, A38-A38.
Author URL.
DePledge M, Thompson-Coon J, Boddy K, Stein K, Whear R, Barton J (2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity ? a systematic review. Environmental Science and Technology
Thompson Coon J, Boddy K, Stein K, Whear R, Barton J, Depledge MH (2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? a systematic review.
Environ Sci Technol,
45(5), 1761-1772.
Abstract:
Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? a systematic review.
Our objective was to compare the effects on mental and physical wellbeing, health related quality of life and long-term adherence to physical activity, of participation in physical activity in natural environments compared with physical activity indoors. We conducted a systematic review using the following data sources: Medline, Embase, Psychinfo, GreenFILE, SportDISCUS, the Cochrane Library, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Citation Index--Science and BIOSIS from inception to June 2010. Internet searches of relevant Web sites, hand searches of relevant journals, and the reference lists of included papers and other review papers identified in the search were also searched for relevant information. Controlled trials (randomized and nonrandomized) were included. To be eligible trials had to compare the effects of outdoor exercise initiatives with those conducted indoors and report on at least one physical or mental wellbeing outcome in adults or children. Screening of articles for inclusion, data extraction, and quality appraisal were performed by one reviewer and checked by a second with discrepancies resolved by discussion with a third if necessary. Due to the heterogeneity of identified studies a narrative synthesis was performed. Eleven trials (833 adults) were included. Most participants (6 trials; 523 adults) were young students. Study entry criteria and methods were sparsely reported. All interventions consisted of a single episode of walking or running indoors with the same activity at a similar level conducted outdoors on a separate occasion. A total of 13 different outcome measures were used to evaluate the effects of exercise on mental wellbeing, and 4 outcome measures were used to assess attitude to exercise. Most trials (n = 9) showed some improvement in mental wellbeing on one or other of the outcome measures. Compared with exercising indoors, exercising in natural environments was associated with greater feelings of revitalization and positive engagement, decreases in tension, confusion, anger, and depression, and increased energy. However, the results suggested that feelings of calmness may be decreased following outdoor exercise. Participants reported greater enjoyment and satisfaction with outdoor activity and declared a greater intent to repeat the activity at a later date. None of the identified studies measured the effects of physical activity on physical wellbeing or the effect of natural environments on exercise adherence. The hypothesis that there are added beneficial effects to be gained from performing physical activity outdoors in natural environments is very appealing and has generated considerable interest. This review has shown some promising effects on self-reported mental wellbeing immediately following exercise in nature which are not seen following the same exercise indoors. However, the interpretation and extrapolation of these findings is hampered by the poor methodological quality of the available evidence and the heterogeneity of outcome measures employed. The review demonstrates the paucity of high quality evidence on which to base recommendations and reveals an undoubted need for further research in this area. Large, well designed, longer term trials in populations who might benefit most from the potential advantages of outdoor exercise are needed to fully elucidate the effects on mental and physical wellbeing. The influence of these effects on the sustainability of physical activity initiatives also awaits investigation.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Van Den Hove Median S, McGlade J, Depledge MH (2011). EU innovation must benefit society. Nature, 474(7350).
Sutherland WJ, Bardsley S, Bennun L, Clout M, Côté IM, Depledge MH, Dicks LV, Dobson AP, Fellman L, Fleishman E, et al (2011). Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
26(1), 10-16.
Abstract:
Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011
This review describes outcomes of a 2010 horizon-scanning exercise building upon the first exercise conducted in 2009. The aim of both horizon scans was to identify emerging issues that could have substantial impacts on the conservation of biological diversity, and to do so sufficiently early to encourage policy-relevant, practical research on those issues. Our group included professional horizon scanners and researchers affiliated with universities and non- and inter-governmental organizations, including specialists on topics such as invasive species, wildlife diseases and coral reefs. We identified 15 nascent issues, including new greenhouse gases, genetic techniques to eradicate mosquitoes, milk consumption in Asia and societal pessimism. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Depledge M (2011). Pharmaceuticals: Reduce drug waste in the environment. Nature, 478(7367).
Depledge M (2011). Reduce drug waste in the environment.
NATURE,
478(7367), 36-36.
Author URL.
2010
Sutherland WJ, Clout M, Côté IM, Daszak P, Depledge MH, Fellman L, Fleishman E, Garthwaite R, Gibbons DW, De Lurio J, et al (2010). A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution,
25(1), 1-7.
Abstract:
A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010
Horizon scanning identifies emerging issues in a given field sufficiently early to conduct research to inform policy and practice. Our group of horizon scanners, including academics and researchers, convened to identify fifteen nascent issues that could affect the conservation of biological diversity. These include the impacts of and potential human responses to climate change, novel biological and digital technologies, novel pollutants and invasive species. We expect to repeat this process and collation annually. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Melzer D, Rice N, Depledge MH, Henley WE, Galloway TS (2010). Association between serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and thyroid disease in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Environ Health Perspect,
118(5), 686-692.
Abstract:
Association between serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and thyroid disease in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
BACKGROUND: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, also known as C8) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are stable compounds with many industrial and consumer uses. Their persistence in the environment plus toxicity in animal models has raised concern over low-level chronic exposure effects on human health. OBJECTIVES: We estimated associations between serum PFOA and PFOS concentrations and thyroid disease prevalence in representative samples of the U.S. general population. METHODS: Analyses of PFOA/PFOS versus disease status in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 1999-2000, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006 included 3,974 adults with measured concentrations for perfluorinated chemicals. Regression models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, body mass index, and alcohol intake. RESULTS: the NHANES-weighted prevalence of reporting any thyroid disease was 16.18% (n = 292) in women and 3.06% (n = 69) in men; prevalence of current thyroid disease with related medication was 9.89% (n = 163) in women and 1.88% (n = 46) in men. In fully adjusted logistic models, women with PFOA >or= 5.7 ng/mL [fourth (highest) population quartile] were more likely to report current treated thyroid disease [odds ratio (OR) = 2.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.38-3.65; p = 0.002] compared with PFOA or= 36.8 ng/mL (quartile 4) versus
Abstract.
Author URL.
Full text.
White M, Smith A, Humphryes K, Pahl S, Snelling D, Depledge M (2010). Blue space: the importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes.
Journal of Environmental Psychology,
30(4), 482-493.
Abstract:
Blue space: the importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes
Although theorists have suggested that aquatic environments or "blue space" might have particular restorative potential, to date there is little systematic empirical research on this issue. Indeed the presence of water has, unintentionally, been a confounding factor in research comparing people's reactions to built and natural environments. Whereas aquatic features (rivers, lakes, coasts) are frequently present in visual stimuli representing natural environments they are rarely incorporated in stimuli portraying built environments. As many towns are, for good reason, located near water this is a potentially significant oversight. The current research collated a set of 120 photographs of natural and built scenes, half of which contained "aquatic" elements. Proportions of "aquatic"/"green"/"built" environments in each scene (e.g. 1/3rd, 2/3rds) were also standardised. Two studies investigated preferences (attractiveness, willingness to visit and willingness to pay for a hotel room with the view), affect and perceived restorativeness ratings for these photographs. As predicted, both natural and built scenes containing water were associated with higher preferences, greater positive affect and higher perceived restorativeness than those without water. Effect sizes were consistently large. Intriguingly, images of "built" environments containing water were generally rated just as positively as natural "green" space. We propose a number of avenues for further research including exploration of the mechanisms underlying these effects. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Godard-Codding CAJ, Bowen RE (2010). Light pollution in the sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(9), 1383-1385.
2009
Owen R, Baxter D, Maynard T, Depledge M (2009). Beyond regulation: Risk pricing and responsible innovation. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(18), 6902-6906.
Depledge MH (2009). Novel approaches and technologies in pollution assessment and monitoring: a UK. perspective. Ocean & Coastal Management 52, 52, 336-341.
Depledge MH (2009). Novel approaches and technologies in pollution assessment and monitoring: a UK perspective.
Abstract:
Novel approaches and technologies in pollution assessment and monitoring: a UK perspective
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Bird WJ (2009). The Blue Gym: Health and wellbeing from our coasts.
Marine Pollution Bulletin,
58(7), 947-948.
Abstract:
The Blue Gym: Health and wellbeing from our coasts
Coastal areas have always attracted humans. Whether permanent residents or visitors, the presence of the sea motivates outdoor activity and enhances wellbeing. It reminds us of our intimate relationship with natural ecosystems. The Blue Gym programme attempts to not only encourage physical activity and time spent outdoors to help improve health and wellbeing, but also to make people aware of the value of the marine environment. It has the potential to increase understanding of our coasts, allows us to view threats in an appropriate context, and also generates support for preserving the richness and beauty of our seas and oceans. We neglect these human health aspects of our coasts at our peril. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Depledge MH (2009). The Influence of Nutritional State on the Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology of the Shore Crab, Carcinus Maenas.
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,
65(1), 69-78.
Abstract:
The Influence of Nutritional State on the Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology of the Shore Crab, Carcinus Maenas
The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood of decapod crustaceans fluctuates widely. Salinity stress results in doubling of haemocyanin concentration within 24–48 h in Carcinus maenas (Boone & Schoeffeniels, 1979) while in the lobster, Homarus gammarus respiratory pigment levels are very low prior to and following moulting (Spoek, 1974). In general, however, the most important factor regulating haemocyanin concentration is nutritional state. Following starvation low values are recorded (Wieser, 1965; Uglow, 1969; Djangmah, 1970) and there are concomitant reductions in ventilation, oxygen consumption and cardiac output (Ansell, 1973; Marsden, Newell & Ahsanullah, 1973; Wallace, 1973). The interrelationships between these events are poorly understood.
Abstract.
2008
Galloway, T.S. Scarlett, A. Henley, W. (2008). Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults (accompanying editorial JAMA. 2008;300(11):1353-1355.pp).
Journal of the American Medical Association,
300, 1303-1310.
Author URL.
Full text.
Schlenk D, Handy R, Steinert S, Depledge MH, Benson W (2008). Biomarkers. In Di Giulio RT, Hinton DE (Eds.) The Toxicology of Fishes, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 683-731.
Owen R, Galloway TS, Hagger JA, Jones MB, Depledge MH (2008). Biomarkers and environmental risk assessment: guiding principles from the human health field.
Mar Pollut Bull,
56(4), 613-619.
Abstract:
Biomarkers and environmental risk assessment: guiding principles from the human health field.
Although the potential use of biomarkers within environmental risk assessment (ERA) has long been recognised their routine use is less advanced compared with clinical human health risk assessment, where a number of familiar biomarkers (such as blood pressure and serum cholesterol) are in common usage. We have examined how biomarkers are incorporated into human health risk assessment and have identified several 'required elements'. These include identification of the (clinical) assessment endpoint at the outset, rational selection of the biomarker(s) (the measurement endpoint), biomarker 'validation' (e.g. QA/QC) and biomarker 'qualification' (evidence linking the measurement and assessment endpoints). We discuss these elements in detail and propose that their adoption will facilitate the routine use of biomarkers in environmental risk assessment. Furthermore, our analysis highlights the need for cooperation between those working with biomarkers within human and environmental risk assessment to exchange best practice between common disciplines for mutual advantage.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Depledge MH, Carlarne CP (2008). Environmental rights and wrongs. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(4), 990-994.
Metcalfe C, Bennett E, Chappell M, Steevens J, Depledge M (2008). SMARTEN: Management and Assessment of Risks and Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials. In Linkov I (Ed) Nanotechnologies: Risks and Benefits, Springer, 95-110.
Owen R, Crane M, Greiger K, Handy RD, Linkov I, Depledge M (2008). Strategic Approaches for the Management of Environmental Risk Uncertainties Posed by Nanomaterials. In Linkov I (Ed) Nanotechnologies: Risks and Benefits, Springer, 369-384.
2007
Francioni E, de A, Scofield AL, Depledge MH, Cavalier B (2007). Evaluation of the mussel Perna perna as a biomonitor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and effects.
Marine Pollution Bulletin,
54(3), 329-338.
Abstract:
Evaluation of the mussel Perna perna as a biomonitor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and effects
The mussel Perna perna was used to monitor and assess areas suspected of oil contamination by transplanting animals from unimpacted to impacted sites and vice versa. The deployment lasted for three months during which total PAH were measured in seawater samples collected every 15 days. PAH concentrations were determined in mussel tissue monthly. The lysosomal neutral red assay and the condition index were used as biomarkers of the adverse biological effects. The PAH concentration in mussels at unimpacted sites, prior to deployment was ca. 100 μg kg-1 but increased to 300 μg kg-1 after three months at the contaminated site. Mussels transplanted to the uncontaminated site showed a decrease from 380 to 80 μg kg-1. Significant changes in lysosomal stability occurred within one month of the beginning of the transposition; in contrast condition indexes were not correlated with the observed changes in PAH concentration. © 2006.
Abstract.
Francioni E, Wagener AD, Scofield AL, Depledge MH, Cavalier B (2007). Evaluation of the mussel Perna perna as a biomonitor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and effects. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54(3), 329-338.
Francioni E, Wagener AD, Scofield AD, Depledge MH, Cavalier B, Sette CB, Carvalhosa L, Lozinsky C, Mariath R (2007). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in inter-tidal mussel Perna perna: Space-time observations, source investigation and genotoxicity. Science of the Total Environment, 372(2-3), 515-531.
Francioni E, Wagener ADLR, Scofield ADL, Depledge MH, Cavalier B, Sette CB, Carvalhosa L, Lozinsky C, Mariath R (2007). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in inter-tidal mussel Perna perna: Space-time observations, source investigation and genotoxicity.
Science of the Total Environment,
372(2-3), 515-531.
Abstract:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in inter-tidal mussel Perna perna: Space-time observations, source investigation and genotoxicity
The investigation aimed primarily at understanding the PAH record in inter-tidal mussel tissues and evaluating the bivalve performance as a bioindicator for oil contamination. The species Perna perna was used as test organism since it is abundantly distributed in coastal areas of the Americas, Africa and elsewhere. The study was carried out in Guanabara Bay and comprised two observation phases: phase one included seasonal sampling in 8 sites, whereas in phase two 4 sites were examined over 4 years. Among the 35 determined PAH (60-90 μg kg- 1 up to 4000-6000 μg kg- 1) alkylated homologues predominated by more than 80%. The PAH profile in inter-tidal mussels is largely petrogenic with high contribution of dibenzothiophenes (DBT) and phenanthrenes (Ph). The prevailing petrogenic fingerprint, confirmed by diagnostic ratios, is linked to the properties of the inter-tidal habitat, which favors exposure to oil films. C2DBT/C2Ph and C3DBT/C3Ph ratios, however, show a wide range of values uncorrelated to specific oils. Micronucleus frequencies are significantly related to PAH concentrations, especially to those of alkylated homologues. Genotoxic expression appears at concentrations as low as 300 μg kg- 1 ∑ 35 PAH. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Carlarne C, Depledge MH (2007). Sick of the weather: climate change, biodiversity and human health. Environmental Law Review, 9, 231-240.
Fillmann G, Bicego MC, Zamboni A, Fileman TW, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2007). Validation of immunoassay methods to determine hydrocarbon contamination a in estuarine Sediments. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 18(4), 774-781.
Fillmann G, Bicego MC, Zamboni A, Fileman TW, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2007). Validation of immunoassay methods to determine hydrocarbon contamination in estuarine sediments.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society,
18(4), 774-781.
Abstract:
Validation of immunoassay methods to determine hydrocarbon contamination in estuarine sediments
The performance of two commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (with antibodies attached to magnetic particles) for quantification of hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments is described. The BTEX RaPID Assay® was employed to analyse aliphatic and small aromatic hydrocarbons whilst the c-PAH RaPID Assay® was used to analyse the carcinogenic (≥ 4 aromatic rings) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Results were validated by comparison with analyses by gas chromatography (GC)- Flame Ionisation Detection (FID) (with GC-MS confirmation). Correlations between the techniques were good with r2 values ranging between 0.68 and 0.97. Disparity between immunoassay and GC techniques were related to differences in the relative compositions of the complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, which alter ELISA responses. Overall, results from the ELISA techniques are shown to compare well with those obtained by GC, confirming ELISA as a useful screening protocol to focus use of the more expensive and time consuming high resolution analytical techniques. ©2007 Sociedade Brasileira de Química.
Abstract.
2006
Cheung VV, Simpson P, Knight AW, Cahill PA, Charles AK, Depledge MH, Owen R, Galloway TS (2006). A comparison of prokaryotic, eukaryotic, cytogenetic and direct toxicity assays to evaluate the toxicity of industrial effluents.
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH,
62, S307-S308.
Author URL.
Cheung VV, Depledge MH, Jha AN (2006). An evaluation of the relative sensitivity of two marine bivalve mollusc species using the Comet assay.
Mar Environ Res,
62 Suppl, S301-S305.
Abstract:
An evaluation of the relative sensitivity of two marine bivalve mollusc species using the Comet assay.
The aim of this study was to (a) evaluate the potential for the 'Comet assay' to be used as a method for detecting genetic damage in the common cockle Cerastoderma edule; and (b) to compare the relative sensitivity with Mytilus edulis as the bivalve widely used as a sentinel species in biomonitoring studies. In vitro validation studies were carried out on haemocytes from each species using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a known oxidant and the induced DNA damage was measured using the Comet assay. On exposure to 0, 100, 500 and 1000 microM H2O2, a significant concentration-dependent increase was observed in both species. Use of an additional concentration of 5000 microM H2O2 showed that while DNA damage could be assessed in M. edulis at this concentration, only a few cells from C. edule were amenable to measurements owing to extensive DNA damage ("hedgehog cells"). The evidence also suggested that the cells from C. edule are more sensitive to oxidative damage induced by H2O2 when compared with M. edulis. Bearing in mind that sediments are the ultimate sink for many contaminants, this study demonstrates the potential application of sediment-dwelling C. edule as a useful biomonitoring species.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Jha, A. Owen, R. Depledge, M.H. (2006). Development of the in vivo chromosome aberration assay in oyster (<em>Crassostrea gigas</em>) embryo-larvae for genotoxicity assessment. Marine Environmental Research, 62, S278-282.
Cheung VV, Jha A, Owen R, Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2006). Development of the in vivo chromosome aberration assay in oyster (Crassostrea gigas) embryo-larvae for genotoxicity assessment. Marine Environmental Research, 62, S278-S282.
Cheung VV, Jha A, Owen R, Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2006). Development of the in vivo chromosome aberration assay in oyster (Crassostrea gigas) embryo-larvae for genotoxicity assessment.
Abstract:
Development of the in vivo chromosome aberration assay in oyster (Crassostrea gigas) embryo-larvae for genotoxicity assessment.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Dietrich DR, O'Brien E, Hoffmann S, Balaguer P, Nicolas JC, Seinen W, Depledge M (2006). Effects of BPA in snails. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(6), A340-A341.
Dietrich DR, O'Brien E, Hoffmann S, Balaguer P, Nicolas JC, Seinen W, Depledge M (2006). Effects of BPA in snails [5]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(6).
tsgallo1, Hagger JA, Liney KE, Tyler CR (2006). Health effects in fish of long-term exposure to effluents from wastewater treatment works.
Environmental Health Perspectives,
114(S1), 81-89.
Full text.
Liney KE, Hagger JA, Tyler CR, Depledge MH, Galloway TS, Jobling S (2006). Health effects in fish of long-term exposure to effluents from wastewater treatment works. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 81-89.
Liney K, Hagger JA, Tyler C, Depledge M, Galloway TS, Jobling S (2006). Health implications of developmental exposure of roach (Rutilus rutilus) to treated sewage effluents. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, S1, 81-89.
Hagger JA, Depledge MH, Oehlmann J, Jobling S, Galloway TS (2006). Is there a causal association between genotoxicity and the imposex effect?. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 20-26.
DePledge M, Hagger J, Jobling S, Oehlmann J (2006). Is there a causal association between genotoxicity and the imposex effect?.
Environmental Health Perspectives,
114, 20-26.
Full text.
Bowen RE, Depledge MH (2006). Rapid Assessment of Marine Pollution (RAMP).
Abstract:
Rapid Assessment of Marine Pollution (RAMP)
Abstract.
Galloway TS, Brown RJ, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Lowe D, Depledge MH, Jones MB (2006). The ECOMAN project: a novel approach to defining sustainable ecosystem function. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 53(1-4), 186-194.
Brown, R.J. Dissanayake, A. Browne, M.A. (2006). The ECOMAN project: a novel approach to sustainable ecosystem function. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 53, 186-194.
Bowen RE, Halvorson H, Depledge MH (2006). The oceans and human health. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 53(10-12), 541-544.
Bowen RE, Halvorson H, Depledge MH (2006). The oceans and human health. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 53(10-12), 541-544.
2005
Owen R, Mitchelmore C, Woodley C, Trapido-Rosenthal H, Galloway T, Depledge M, Readman J, Buxton L, Sarkiss S, Jones R, et al (2005). A common sense approach for confronting coral reef decline associated with human activitites. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51, 481-485.
Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2005). Healthy animals, healthy ecosystems.
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,
3(5), 251-258.
Abstract:
Healthy animals, healthy ecosystems
The survival of humans as a species is intimately linked to the well-being of ecosystems and the resources they provide. The well-being of ecosystems depends, in turn, on minimizing the damaging impacts of human activities. Irrespective of the kinds of habitats we choose to protect or restore, we need to understand how ecosystems, and the organisms that inhabit them, respond to chemicals and radiation exposure. Recent technological advances in molecular biology and analytical science have allowed the development of rapid, robust, and sensitive diagnostic tests (biomarkers) that can be used to monitor exposure to, and the effects of, pollution. For the first time, we are able to make health assessments of individual organisms in much the same way that we evaluate human health. Here, we discuss how to best use this capability to ensure that pollution does not threaten the sustainability of our ecosystems and cause adverse effects in human and wildlife populations. © the Ecological Society of America.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2005). Healthy animals, healthy ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(5), 251-258.
Sanders MB, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH, Clare AS (2005). Larval Development and Vitellin-like Protein Expression in Palaemon elegans Larvae Following Xeno-oestrogen Exposure.
Abstract:
Larval Development and Vitellin-like Protein Expression in Palaemon elegans Larvae Following Xeno-oestrogen Exposure.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Sanders MB, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH, Clare AS (2005). Larval development and vitellin-like protein expression in Palaemon elegans larvae following xeno-oestrogen exposure. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45(1), 51-60.
Martins LKP, Nascimento IA, Fillmann G, King R, Evangelista AJA, Readman JW, Depledge MH (2005). Lysosomal responses as a diagnostic tool for the detection of chronic petroleum pollution at Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil.
Environmental Research,
99(3), 387-396.
Abstract:
Lysosomal responses as a diagnostic tool for the detection of chronic petroleum pollution at Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil
Coastal marine environments, especially semienclosed systems such as bays, are under unrelenting stress caused by urban and industrial development. Biomonitoring plays a vital role in strategies to identify, assess, and control stressors. However, due to the magnitude of the challenge there is a demand for new and innovative approaches to provide timely and accessible information to environmental managers and policy makers. The present work aimed to assess hydrocarbon levels in sediments from petroleum-related industrial areas at Todos os Santos Bay (Brazil) and associate them to toxicity-induced responses (neutral red retention (NRR) assay) by the burrowing clam Anomalocardia brasiliana. Surface sediments collected during the dry and rainy seasons were analyzed for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. At the control site, hydrocarbon levels were low and mainly biogenic. The aliphatic hydrocarbon ("total unresolved complex mixture," alkanes, and isoprenoids) concentrations indicated a chronic situation with very little "fresh" oil contamination at the oil-related sites. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons indicated sites moderately contaminated by chronic oil and some pyrolytic input. The effects of those contaminants were assessed by the lysosomal NRR assay applied to A. brasiliana hemocytes. Sediment toxicity at the oil-related sites was evidenced by the lowered capacity of the lysosomes to retain the neutral red dye compared to results from the control site. This research indicates that the NRR assay is a useful and efficient screening technique able to discriminate polluted from clean sites. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Martins LKP, Nascimento IA, Fillmann G, King R, Evangelista AJA, Readman JW, Depledge MH (2005). Lysosomal responses as a diagnostic tool for the detection of chronic petroleum pollution at Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil. Environmental Research, 99(3), 387-396.
Owen R, Depledge MH (2005). Nanotechnology and the Environment: Risks and rewards. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 609-612.
Owen R, Depledge M (2005). Nanotechnology and the environment: Risks and rewards. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(6), 609-612.
De Souza Abessa DM, Zaroni LP, De Sousa ECPM, Gasparro MR, Pereira CDS, De Figueredo Rachid BR, Depledge M, King RS (2005). Physiological and cellular responses in two populations of the mussel Perna perna collected at different sites from the Coast of São Paulo, Brazil.
Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,
48(2), 217-225.
Abstract:
Physiological and cellular responses in two populations of the mussel Perna perna collected at different sites from the Coast of São Paulo, Brazil
The physiological conditions of mussels from Ubatuba and Santos and also of organisms transplanted from Ubatuba to Santos were studied by using different techniques. Assays for lysosomal stability were conducted on the haemolymph. Heart rate activity was monitored for 6h. The embryonic development of larvae obtained from the collected mussels was analysed. For all the compared groups of mussels, no significant differences were observed for the cardiac activity monitoring and the embryonic bioassays. The mean Neutral Red (NR) retention time was similar for the animals from Santos and Ubatuba, whereas the organisms transplanted to Santos showed a reduction in the retention time of the dye, indicating damage in the lysosomal membranes. These differences were possibly due to environmental factors, but further investigations are required to confirm this hypothesis.
Abstract.
Abessa DMD, Zaroni LP, de Sousa ECPM, Gasparro MR, Pereira CDS, Rachid BRD, Depledge M, King RS (2005). Physiological and cellular responses in two populations of the mussel Perna perna collected at different sites from the coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 48(2), 217-225.
Camus L, Gulliksen B, Depledge MH, Jones MB (2005). Polar bivalves are characterized by high antioxidant defences.
Polar Research,
24(1-2), 111-118.
Abstract:
Polar bivalves are characterized by high antioxidant defences
Inevitably, aerobic life leads to the formation of deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS) which participate in biomolecule oxidation, hence augmenting biomolecule turnover. Organisms have adapted to counteract the noxious effects of ROS by developing a battery of antioxidant defences (AOX) which comprise enzymes and low-molecular weight scavengers. Past studies have reported elevated AOX levels in polar pectinid bivalves compared with temperate congeners. This finding is controversial as mitochondrial ROS generation is low in polar versus temperate species, and, to date, there is no generally accepted explanation of the causes of increased basal AOX levels in polar waters. We suggest that the low food availability in those ecosystems may result in polar marine ectotherms diverting some energy into the maintenance of high AOX. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (peroxyl, hydroxyl and peroxynitrite) of three clam species: Laternula elliptica (Antarctic), Mya truncata (Arctic) and Mya arenaria (temperate). The data confirmed that polar bivalves are characterized by higher AOX. Herein, we propose that high AOX is required in environments characterized by low food availability as AOX efficiently protects biomolecules, notably the RNA expressed at high levels by cold-water ectotherms. Also, high AOX may explain the relatively long lifespan of most polar ectotherms.
Abstract.
Camus L, Gulliksen B, Depledge MH, Jones MB (2005). Polar bivalves are characterized by high antioxidant defences. Polar Research, 24(1-2), 111-118.
Naylor J, Depledge M (2005). Science, strategy and the agency. Tce(764), 17-17.
Depledge, M.H. Galloway, T.S. (2005). Toxicity of tributyltin in the marine mollusc <em>Mytilus edulis</em>.
Hagger JA, Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2005). Toxicity of tributyltin in the marine mollusc Mytilus edulis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51(8-12), 811-816.
Hagger JA, Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2005). Toxicity of tributyltin in the marine mollusc Mytilus edulis.
Mar Pollut Bull,
51(8-12), 811-816.
Abstract:
Toxicity of tributyltin in the marine mollusc Mytilus edulis.
Our previous studies have demonstrated that tributyltin (TBT) is genotoxic to the early life stages of marine mussels and worms. Here, the toxicity of TBT to adult organisms was determined using a suite of biomarkers designed to detect cytotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic effects. Exposure of adult mussels, Mytilus edulis, to environmentally realistic concentrations of TBTO for 7 days resulted in a statistically significant decrease in cell viability at concentrations of 0.5 microg/l and above. TBT had no effect on phagocytic activity or antioxidant capacity (FRAP assay). There was a statistically significant increase in DNA damage detected using the comet and micronucleus assays between the controls and 0.5, 1 and 5 microg/l of TBTO (P > 0.0005). Furthermore there was a strong correlation between DNA strand breaks (comet assay) and formation of micronuclei (P = 0.0005; R2 = 61.5%). Possible mechanisms by which TBT could damage DNA either directly or indirectly are discussed including the possibility that TBT is genotoxic due to its ability to disrupt calcium homeostasis.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Ford T, Jay J, Patel A, Kile M, Prommasith P, Galloway T, Sanger R, Smith K, Depledge M (2005). Use of ecotoxicological tools to evaluate the health of New Bedford Harbor sediments: a microbial biomarker approach. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(2), 186-191.
Ford T, Jay J, Patel A, Kile M, Prommasith P, Galloway T, Sanger R, Smith K, Depledge M (2005). Use of ecotoxicological tools to evaluate the health of New Bedford Harbor sediments: a microbial biomarker approach.
Abstract:
Use of ecotoxicological tools to evaluate the health of New Bedford Harbor sediments: a microbial biomarker approach.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Full text.
DePledge M, Ford T, Jay J, Patel A (2005). Use of ecotoxicological tools to evaluate the health of New Bedford Harbour sediments: a microbial biomarker approach. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 186-191.
2004
Galloway TS, Brown RJ, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Lowe D, Jones MB, Depledge MH (2004). A multibiomarker approach to environmental assessment.
Environ Sci Technol,
38(6), 1723-1731.
Abstract:
A multibiomarker approach to environmental assessment.
Incorporation of ecologically relevant biomarkers into routine environmental management programs has been advocated as a pragmatic means of linking environmental degradation with its causes. Here, suites of biomarkers, devised to measure molecular damage, developmental abnormality and physiological impairment, were combined with chemical analysis to determine exposure to and the effects of pollution at sites within Southampton Water (UK). Test species included a filter feeder, a grazer, and an omnivore to determine the sensitivity of organisms occupying different trophic levels. Linear regression confirmed a significant association between incidence of intersex in Littorina littorea and tributyltin (TBT) concentrations (R2 = 0.954) and between PAH metabolites in Carcinus maenas urine and PAHs in sediments (R2 = 0.754). Principal component analysis revealed a gradient of detrimental impact to biota from the head to the mouth of the estuary, coincident with high sediment concentrations of heavy metals, PAHs, and biocides. Multidimensional scaling identified C. maenas as the organism most sensitive to contamination. Carboxylesterase activity, metallothionein and total haemolymph protein were the most discriminating biomarkers among sites. This holistic approach to environmental assessment is encouraged as it helps to identify the integrated impact of chemical contamination on organisms and to provide a realistic measure of environmental quality.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Moore MN, Depledge MH, Readman JW, Paul Leonard DR (2004). An integrated biomarker-based strategy for ecotoxicological evaluation of risk in environmental management.
Mutat Res,
552(1-2), 247-268.
Abstract:
An integrated biomarker-based strategy for ecotoxicological evaluation of risk in environmental management.
Environmental impacts by both natural events and man-made interventions are a fact of life; and developing the capacity to minimise these impacts and their harmful consequences for biological resources, ecosystems and human health is a daunting task for environmental legislators and regulators. A major challenge in impact and risk assessment, as part of integrated environmental management (IEM), is to link harmful effects of pollution (including toxic chemicals) in individual sentinel animals to their ecological consequences. This obstacle has resulted in a knowledge-gap for those seeking to develop effective policies for sustainable use of resources and environmental protection. Part of the solution to this problem may lie with the use of diagnostic clinical-type laboratory-based ecotoxicological tests or biomarkers, utilising sentinel animals as integrators of pollution, coupled with direct immunochemical tests for contaminants. These rapid and cost-effective ecotoxicological tools can provide information on the health status of individuals and populations based on relatively small samples of individuals. In the context of ecosystem status or health of the environment, biomarkers are also being used to link processes of molecular and cellular damage through to higher levels (i.e. prognostic capability), where they can result in pathology with reduced physiological performance and reproductive success. Complex issues are involved in evaluating environmental risk, such as the effects of the physico-chemical environment on the speciation and uptake of pollutant chemicals and inherent inter-individual and inter-species differences in vulnerability to toxicity; and the toxicity of complex mixtures. Effectively linking the impact of pollutants through the various hierarchical levels of biological organisation to ecosystem and human health requires a pragmatic integrated approach based on existing information that either links or correlates processes of pollutant uptake, detoxication and pathology with each other and higher level effects. It is further proposed here that this process will be facilitated by pursuing a holistic or whole systems approach with the development of computational simulation models of cells, organs and animals in tandem with empirical data (i.e. the middle-out approach). In conclusion, an effective integrated environmental management strategy to secure resource sustainability requires an integrated capability for risk assessment and prediction. Furthermore, if such a strategy is to influence and help in the formulation of environmental policy decisions, then it is crucial to demonstrate scientific robustness of predictions concerning the long-term consequences of pollution to politicians, industrialists and environmental managers; and also increase stakeholder awareness of environmental problems.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Anderson, O.K. Depledge, M.H. Galloway, T.S. (2004). Detecting a field gradient of PAH exposure in decapod crustacea using a novel urinary biomarker. , 58, 257-261.
Watson GM, Andersen OK, Depledge MH, Galloway TS (2004). Detecting a field gradient of PAH exposure in decapod crustacea using a novel urinary biomarker. Marine Environmental Research, 58(2-5), 257-261.
Brown RJ, Galloway TS, Lowe D, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Jones MB, Depledge MH (2004). Differential sensitivity of three marine invertebrates to copper assessed using multiple biomarkers.
Aquat Toxicol,
66(3), 267-278.
Abstract:
Differential sensitivity of three marine invertebrates to copper assessed using multiple biomarkers.
Understanding how biomarkers relate to each other on exposure to particular contaminants in different species is key to their widespread application in environmental management. However, few studies have systematically used multiple biomarkers in more than a single species to determine the variability of sublethal effects of a particular contaminant. In this study, three marine invertebrates, the shore crab Carcinus maenas, the common limpet Patella vulgata and the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, were exposed over 7 days in the laboratory to environmentally realistic concentrations of the priority pollutant copper. A combination of molecular, cellular and physiological biomarkers was measured in each organism to detect the toxic effects of copper. Biomarkers included lysosomal stability (neutral red retention), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase activity), metabolic impairment (total haemolymph protein), physiological status (heart rate) and induction of protective metallothionein proteins. P. vulgata was the most sensitive to copper with significant effects measured in all biomarkers at concentrations of 6.1 microg Cu l(-1). In C. maenas, cellular and neurotoxic endpoints were affected significantly only at 68.1 microg Cu l(-1). Exposure to copper also induced metallothionein production in crabs. Over a 7-day exposure period, M. edulis was the most tolerant species to copper with significant effects being observed at the cellular level only at 68.1 microg Cu l(-1). In all three species, cellular and neurotoxic pathways were more sensitive to disruption than physiological processes (protein and heart rate). Results illustrate how a suite of biomarkers applied to different sentinel species can provide a 'diagnosis of stress', whereby, effects at the molecular level can be used to interpret the level of physiological impairment of the organism.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Galloway TS, Brown RJ, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Lowe D, Jones MB, Depledge MH (2004). Ecosystem management bioindicators: the ECOMAN project - a multi-biomarker approach to ecosystem management. Marine Environmental Research, 58(2-5), 233-237.
Galloway TS, Brown RJ, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Lowe D, Jones MB, Depledge MH (2004). Ecosystem management bioindicators: the ECOMAN project--a multi-biomarker approach to ecosystem management.
Abstract:
Ecosystem management bioindicators: the ECOMAN project--a multi-biomarker approach to ecosystem management.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Aguzzi J, Abelló P, Depledge MH (2004). Endogenous cardiac acitivity rhythms of continental slope Nephrops norvegicus (Decapoda: Nephropidae).
Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology,
37(1), 55-64.
Abstract:
Endogenous cardiac acitivity rhythms of continental slope Nephrops norvegicus (Decapoda: Nephropidae)
The endogenous cardiac activity rhythm of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus was studied under constant conditions of darkness by means of a computer-aided monitoring system (CAPMON). Time series recordings of the heart rate (beats min-1) were obtained from 47 adult males freshly collected from the continental slope (400-430m) in the western Mediterranean. Periodogram analysis revealed the occurrence of circadian periodicity (of around 24h) in most cases. A large percentage of animals showed significant ultradian periods (of around 12 and 18h). The analysis of the circadian time series revealed the occurrence of peaks of heart rate activity during the expected night phase of the cycle. These results are discussed in relation to the emergence and locomotor activity rhythms of the species. © 2004 Taylor and Francis Ltd.
Abstract.
Aguzzi J, Abello P, Depledge MH (2004). Endogenous cardiac activity rhythms of continental slope Nephrops norvegicus (Decapoda : Nephropidae). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 37(1), 55-64.
Galloway, T.S. Browne, M.A. Dissanayake, A. (2004). Evaluation of toxicity in tribuitaries of the Mersey estuary using the isopod <em>Asellus aquaticus</em>. Marine Environmental Research, 58, 327-331.
O'Neill AJ, Galloway TS, Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Depledge MH (2004). Evaluation of toxicity in tributaries of the Mersey estuary using the isopod Asellus aquaticus (L.). Marine Environmental Research, 58(2-5), 327-331.
Mankasingh U, Worsfold P, Galloway TS, Depledge M (2004). Integrating ecotoxicology and analytical chemistry for the assessment of water quality. Comp. Biochem. Physiol
Watson GM, Andersen OK, Galloway TS, Depledge MH (2004). Rapid assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in decapod crustaceans by fluorimetric analysis of urine and haemolymph. Aquatic Toxicology, 67(2), 127-142.
Watson GM, Andersen O-K, Galloway TS, Depledge MH (2004). Rapid assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in decapod crustaceans by fluorimetric analysis of urine and haemolymph.
Aquat Toxicol,
67(2), 127-142.
Abstract:
Rapid assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in decapod crustaceans by fluorimetric analysis of urine and haemolymph.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous and potentially harmful contaminants of the coastal and marine environment. Studies of their bioavailability, disposition and metabolism in marine organisms are therefore important for environmental monitoring purposes. Detecting PAH compounds in the biological fluids of marine organisms provides a measure of their environmental exposure to PAHs. In the present study, the shore crab Carcinus maenas was exposed to waterborne pyrene for 48h. Urine and haemolymph samples were analysed by direct fluorimetry utilising both fixed wavelength (FF) and synchronous scanning fluorescence (SFS) techniques. Samples from exposed crabs exhibited fluorescence due to 1-OH pyrene equivalents, whilst samples from control crabs did not. Levels of equivalents were exposure dependent. Urine was shown to be a more suitable medium for the analysis of PAH equivalents. In a separate experiment, depuration of pyrene equivalents in urine was monitored over time. Urinary levels reached a maximum 2-4 days after initial exposure and decreased steadily thereafter. No unchanged parent pyrene was detected in samples from exposed crabs. While fluorimetric techniques could discriminate between 1-OH pyrene equivalents and parent pyrene, identification of specific metabolites was only possible with HPLC/F analysis. This revealed crabs had bio-transformed pyrene into 3 major conjugates of 1-OH pyrene, which were excreted in the urine. While such biotransformation of PAH is well documented in fish and several crustaceans, this is the first study to use direct fluorimetry to detect PAH equivalents in exposed crustacean urine. Fluorimetric results correlated well with those obtained by HPLC/F and ELISA techniques. The technique has great potential as a rapid, inexpensive and non-destructive technique for field biomonitoring of PAH exposure in crustaceans.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Rewitz K, Styrishave B, Depledge MH, Andersen O (2004). Spatial and temporal distribution of shore crabs Carcinus maenas in a small tidal estuary (Looe Estuary, Cornwall, England). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 24(1), 178-187.
Rewitz K, Styrishave B, Depledge MH, Andersen O (2004). Spatial and temporal distribution of shore crabs Carcinus maenas in a small tidal estuary (Looe Estuary, Cornwall, England).
Journal of Crustacean Biology,
24(1), 178-187.
Abstract:
Spatial and temporal distribution of shore crabs Carcinus maenas in a small tidal estuary (Looe Estuary, Cornwall, England)
Tidal, diel, and spatial variations in numbers, sex, size, and colour morphology of shore crabs Carcinus maenas caught in baited drop nets during tidal periods, at neap tide and spring tide, were studied in the strongly tidal Looe Estuary, Cornwall, Southwest England. Depth, salinity, temperature, pH, and oxygen tensions were measured simultaneously. High numbers of both genders were caught in the estuary. In total, 61% of adult crabs caught were females. However, the sex ratio (males over females) in the catches significantly increased (P < 0.05) from approximately 0.2 at the station nearest to the mouth of the estuary to approximately 4 at the innermost station. Due to the well-established relationship between carapace colouration and intermoult duration, catches were analysed with regard to red and green colour forms, besides for sex and size. Green crabs were caught throughout the estuary and constituted 79% of total catches. Green males dominated the shallow stations, whereas green females dominated the deep stations. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) was related to tidal and diel phases, with most adult crabs being caught during high tide and only few during low tide. Also, more adult crabs were caught during night time than during day time. The CPUE increased with increasing depth, and crabs were never caught at salinities below 15‰ and rarely at salinities below 20‰. Oxygen tension, temperature, and pH exerted no effect on the distribution of shore crabs. Even though conclusions based on these data depend on whether catchdata analysis reflects true population abundances, sex ratios, and colour morphology compositions, the data suggest that the small size, strong current, and high salinity characteristics of the Looe Estuary allow both genders and colour forms to migrate into the estuary during high tide and to return to the shore before low tide, thereby exploiting a marginal feeding habitat.
Abstract.
Galloway, T.S. Lowe, D. Dissanayake, A. (2004). The differential sensitivity of three invertebrates to copper assessed using biomarkers. Aquatic Toxicology, 66, 267-278.
Fillmann G, Watson GM, Howsam M, Francioni E, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2004). Urinary PAH Metabolites as Biomarkers of Exposure in Aquatic Environments.
Environmental Science and Technology,
38(9), 2649-2656.
Abstract:
Urinary PAH Metabolites as Biomarkers of Exposure in Aquatic Environments
While immunoassays have been extensively applied to evaluate environmental contamination, to date they have rarely been used for the analysis of biological fluids outside of human medicine. These media are important because pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their metabolites become concentrated in tissues, body fluids, and excreta, thereby offering a measure of exposure to biologically available contaminants. Such analyses also provide a nondestructive tool for monitoring exposure. Crabs (Carcinus maenas) were exposed to phenanthrene and pyrene (separately) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 200 μg L-1. After 48 h, urine samples were taken and analyzed by immunoassay and UV-fluorescence spectrophotometry. Urinary levels (calibrated against hydroxylated metabolites) proved to be dose dependent for both compounds, and good agreementwas demonstrated between the immunoassay and the fluorescence techniques. The cross reactivity of the immunochemical technique (ELISA) for pyrene and hydroxy-metabolites was lower than for phenanthrene. HPLC analyses demonstrated that urine from the crabs exposed to pyrene contained mainly conjugate PAH metabolites whose concentrations (the sum of the four main pyrene metabolites/conjugates) showed very good agreement with the ELISA (r 2 > 0.94) and fluorescence (r2 > 0.91) data. Environmental samples were also analyzed by ELISA and UV-fluorescence, and both techniques detected PAH (mainly petrogenic) contamination in the urine samples from a polluted harbor. These data demonstrate the potential of urine analyses by ELISA and UV-fluorescence to measure exposure of crabs to PAH.
Abstract.
Fillmann G, Watson GM, Howsam M, Francioni E, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2004). Urinary PAH metabolites as biomarkers of exposure in aquatic environments. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(9), 2649-2656.
2003
Handy RD, Galloway TS, Depledge MH (2003). A proposal for the use of biomarkers for the assessment of chronic pollution and in regulatory toxicology.
Ecotoxicology,
12(1-4), 331-343.
Abstract:
A proposal for the use of biomarkers for the assessment of chronic pollution and in regulatory toxicology.
Despite a wealth of information on biomarkers, they are not routinely used for regulatory purposes, even though the potential benefits of biomarkers to rationalise complex exposure-response relationships are clear. Biomarkers can be inappropriately applied or misinterpreted, because the fundamental assumptions in exposure-response relations have not been considered. Factors causing temporal and spatial variability in biomarker responses are reviewed. These include numerous geochemical and biotic variables. The variation can be minimised by appropriate study site selection, experimental replication, multivariate epidemiological approaches, normalised controls, and temporal calibration of responses; so that the regulatory use of biomarkers for biomonitoring and tracking pollution events, including chronic or multiple exposures to complex mixtures is possible. We propose and define the characteristics of biomarkers of chronic exposure or effect, which must measure changes in pollution/effect against long-term changes in other general stresses (disease, nutrition, environmental quality), relate to cumulative injury, and remain responsive over months or years. Neuroendocrine, immunological, and histological biomarkers are suggested for chronic pollution. We propose a regulatory framework for biomarkers based on a weight of evidence approach that can integrate biomarkers in risk assessment and long-term monitoring programmes.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Camus L, Birkely SR, Jones MB, Børseth JF, Grøsvik BE, Gulliksen B, Lønne OJ, Regoli F, Depledge MH (2003). Biomarker responses and PAH uptake in Mya truncata following exposure to oil-contaminated sediment in an Arctic fjord (Svalbard).
Science of the Total Environment,
308(1-3), 221-234.
Abstract:
Biomarker responses and PAH uptake in Mya truncata following exposure to oil-contaminated sediment in an Arctic fjord (Svalbard)
Expanding industrial activity (notably oil and gas exploration) in the Arctic requires assessment of the potential impact of chemicals on marine organisms living in seawater at low temperature. The bivalve Mya truncata is common in Svalbard fjord (Norway) where it experiences low temperature throughout the year. To measure the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on M. truncata, the responses of three biomarkers [total oxyradical scavenging capacity-assay (TOSC), plasma membrane stability of haemocytes and respiration rates] were investigated from bivalves exposed to sediment contaminated with a PAH mixture (crude oil). After two weeks of exposure to the contaminated sediment, TOSC showed no change. The high TOSC value (4010±1339 unit mg-1 protein) of Mya truncata (control group) is thought to protect biomolecules with a low turnover rate efficiently in a low food availability environment. In the exposed bivalves, the haemocyte cellular membranes were significantly destabilised compared with controls (P
Abstract.
Francioni E, Fillmann G, Hamacher C, Wagener ADR, Depledge MH, Readman JW, Meniconi MDG (2003). Evaluation of a commercially available ELISA kit as a tool to determine BTEX in groundwater. Environmental Technology, 24(6), 665-670.
Francioni E, Hamacher C, de Luca, Fillmann G, Depledge MH, Readman JW, de Fátima Guadalupe Meniconi M (2003). Evaluation of a commercially available elisa kit as a tool to determine btex in groundwater.
Environmental Technology (United Kingdom),
24(6), 665-670.
Abstract:
Evaluation of a commercially available elisa kit as a tool to determine btex in groundwater
The reliability of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests as a screening technique to address groundwater contamination was tested in an area following leakage of gasoline from a petrol station. Immunoassay data of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m- and p-xylene (BTEX) were compared with results obtained using capillary gas chromatographic analysis. Detection limits were of 20 μg l −1 for ELISA and 0.3 (μg l −1 for gas chromatography with flame ionization and photoionization detectors (GC-FID/PID) determination. Despite an observed overestimation of BTEX concentrations as given by ELISA, the tests responded reliably to different levels of contamination. © Selper Ltd, 2003.
Abstract.
Styrishave B, Andersen O, Depledge MH (2003). In situ monitoring of heart rates in shore crabs Carcinus maenas in two tidal estuaries: Effects of physico-chemical parameters on tidal and diel rhythms.
Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology,
36(3), 161-175.
Abstract:
In situ monitoring of heart rates in shore crabs Carcinus maenas in two tidal estuaries: Effects of physico-chemical parameters on tidal and diel rhythms
Heart rates were monitored in situ in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, in relation to variations in depth, salinity, oxygen tension, temperature, light intensity and pH. Experiments were performed in the Looe Estuary, Cornwall, England and in Batson Creek in the Salcombe-Kingsbridge Estuary, Devon, England. Experiments in the Lone Estuary were conducted in the vicinity of a storm water storage discharge whereas the experiments in Batson Creek were performed on a clean site. Tidal rhythms in heart rates were commonly detected but diel rhythms in heart rate were also observed frequently. Both types of rhythm were more evident in animals from Batson Creek than from Looe. In Batson Creek, 12 out of 15 crabs expressed tidal rhythms in heart rate, whereas 6 out of 15 crabs expressed diel rhythms. In the two studies in the Looe Estuary, 6 out of 15 crabs and 3 out of 15 crabs expressed tidal and diet rhythm in heart rate, respectively. At both experimental sites, heart rates were positively correlated with increasing changes in depth and salinity, whereas heart rates were negatively correlated with light intensity. In addition, heart rates appeared to be positively correlated with increasing oxygen tension in the experiments performed in the Looe Estuary. The study suggests that depth and oxygen availability are more important to in situ heart rates in shore crabs within tidal estuaries than are salinity, light intensity and pH. Also, sewage discharge appears to cause an acute increase in heart rate, which may affect expression of biological rhythms in shore crabs.
Abstract.
Styrishave B, Andersen O, Depledge MH (2003). In situ monitoring of heart rates in shore crabs Carcinus maenas in two tidal estuaries: Effects of physico-chemical parameters on tidal and diel rhythms. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 36(3), 161-175.
Sanders MB, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH, Clare AS (2003). Vitellin-like proteins in larval crustacea: Potential biomarkers of xeno-oestrogen exposure.
Author URL.
Sanders MB, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH, Clare AS (2003). Vitellin-like proteins in larval crustacea: Potential biomarkers of xeno-oestrogen exposure. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 43(6), 896-896.
2002
Atienzar FA, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH (2002). 4-n-Nonylphenol and 17-beta estradiol may induce common DNA effects in developing barnacle larvae.
Environ Pollut,
120(3), 735-738.
Abstract:
4-n-Nonylphenol and 17-beta estradiol may induce common DNA effects in developing barnacle larvae.
There is a growing concern over the potential effects of environmental endocrine disrupters on both human and wildlife populations. However, to date, minimal research has been conducted to determine the effect of estrogens and xenoestrogens at the DNA level. In this study, we used the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to evaluate the effects on the genomic DNA of barnacle larvae that had been exposed to 17beta-estradiol (E2) and low concentrations of 4-n-nonylphenol (NP). DNA effects include DNA damage as well as mutations and possibly other effects at the DNA level that can be induced by chemical or physical agents that directly and/or indirectly interact with genomic DNA. Not only did exposure to NP and E2 induce changes in RAPD profiles in the exposed barnacle larvae when compared to control patterns, but also, and more importantly, there were similarities in the RAPD modifications in the exposed populations that had been treated to either chemical. We propose that NP and E2 induced some common DNA effects in barnacle larvae and that these specific modifications in RAPD patterns may arise as a consequence of hot spot DNA damage (e.g. DNA adducts) and/or mutations (point mutations or genomic rearrangements). This could help to explain how xenoestrogens mimic the effects produced by natural estrogens. In conclusion, in the field of endocrine disruption, the study of DNA effects induced by estrogens and/or xenoestrogens warrants further investigation. Indeed, changes at the DNA levcl may be the precursors of some of the numerous effects reported at higher levels of biological organisation such as the feminization of males, developmental abnormalities, and infertility.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Fillmann G, Watson GM, Francioni E, Readman JW, Depledge MH (2002). A non-destructive assessment of the exposure of crabs to PAH using ELISA analyses of their urine and haemolymph.
Abstract:
A non-destructive assessment of the exposure of crabs to PAH using ELISA analyses of their urine and haemolymph
Abstract.
Owen R, Buxton L, Sarkis S, Toaspern M, Knap A, Depledge M (2002). An evaluation of hemolymph cholinesterase activities in the tropical scallop, Euvola (Pecten) ziczac, for the rapid assessment of pesticide exposure.
Marine Pollution Bulletin,
44(10), 1010-1017.
Abstract:
An evaluation of hemolymph cholinesterase activities in the tropical scallop, Euvola (Pecten) ziczac, for the rapid assessment of pesticide exposure
The use of sequential measurements of hemolymph cholinesterase activities as a non-invasive biomarker of seasonal organophosphate/carbamate exposure was investigated for the tropical scallop, Euvola (Pecten) ziczac. Overall activities of both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase were relatively high compared to studies with bivalve tissues. Acute in vivo experiments showed inhibition of hemolymph acetylcholinesterase activity at concentrations of the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos of 0.1, 1 and 10 ngl-1. Monthly sampling of hemolymph from scallops at two sites in Bermuda over a 15 month period showed seasonal acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition. Direct and indirect evidence suggests that this inhibition did not relate to biochemical or physiological changes associated with gonad maturation and spawning, but rather reflected diffuse contamination of the marine environment by cholinesterase inhibitors or increased bioavailability of such inhibitors at these times. Repetitive sampling of scallop hemolymph for cholinesterase activities represents a rapid, sensitive and non-invasive method for assessing seasonal, sublethal pesticide exposure in these commercially important bivalves and suggests a wider use in marine pollution monitoring. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Handy RD, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2002). Biomarker approaches for ecotoxicological biomonitoring at different levels of biological organisation. In Burden F, Forstner U, Guenther A, McKelvie I (Eds.) Environmental Monitoring Handbook, McGraw Hill, 9.1-9.31.
Hagger JA, Fischer AF, Hill SJ, Depledge MH, Jha AN (2002). Cytotoxic, genotoxic and ontogenic effects of tri-n-butyltin (TBT) on the marine worm, Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta: Nereidae). Aquatic Toxicology, 57, 243-255.
Moore M, Depledge M, Jha A, Jones M, Livingstone D, Lowe D, Mantoura F, Moore A, Peters L, Readman J, et al (2002). Eleventh International Symposium on Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms (PRIMO 11): Plymouth, UK, 10-13 July 2001. Marine Environmental Research, 54(3-5).
Browne RA, Moller V, Forbes VE, Depledge MH (2002). Estimating genetic and environmental components of variance using sexual and clonal Artemia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 267(1), 107-119.
Browne RA, Moller V, Forbes VE, Depledge MH (2002). Estimating genetic and environmental components of variance using sexual and clonal Artemia.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,
267(1), 107-119.
Abstract:
Estimating genetic and environmental components of variance using sexual and clonal Artemia
Reproductive and life span traits were measured for two obligately parthenogenetic (Artemia parthenogenetica) and three sexual (two A. franciscana and one A. sinica) brine shrimp populations. For each population, clonal lineages or single mating pairs were followed through one life cycle. The relative contributions of environmental and genetic components to total phenotypic variation for 10 life-history traits in response to environmental stress (0, 10, 25 ppb Cu) were estimated. Within treatment variation (CVw) was 39% higher for sexual populations than parthenogenetic populations, with significant (p < 0.05) differences in total number of offspring and number of nauplii. CVA (the change in variance due to rearing in different environments), when averaged for all traits and all populations, increased variability by 9.9%. CVA was 44.2% higher for sexual than parthenogenetic populations, with significant differences in number of broods, total number of offspring, and number of nauplii. The average genetic component of variation for the 10 traits was 23.44%, ranging from 5.26% for number of cysts to 44.87% for number of nauplii. For all traits, the environmental component of variance is greater than the genetic component measured, but every trait has a genetic component, which can potentially be acted upon by selection. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Atienzar FA, Venier P, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2002). Evaluation of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations. Mutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 521(1-2), 151-163.
Atienzar FA, Venier P, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2002). Evaluation of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations.
Mutat Res,
521(1-2), 151-163.
Abstract:
Evaluation of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations.
The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay and related techniques like the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) have been shown to detect genotoxin-induced DNA damage and mutations. The changes occurring in RAPD profiles following genotoxic treatments include variation in band intensity as well as gain or loss of bands. However, the interpretation of the molecular events responsible for differences in the RAPD patterns is not an easy task since different DNA alterations can induce similar type of changes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a number of DNA alterations on the RAPD profiles. Genomic DNA from different species was digested with restriction enzymes, ultrasonicated, treated with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) diol epoxide (BPDE) and the resulting RAPD profiles were evaluated. In comparison to the enzymatic DNA digestions, sonication caused greater changes in the RAPD patterns and induced a dose-related disappearance of the high molecular weight amplicons. A DNA sample substantially modified with BPDE caused very similar changes but amplicons of low molecular weight were also affected. Appearance of new bands and increase in band intensity were also evident in the RAPD profiles generated by the BPDE-modified DNA. Random mutations occurring in mismatch repair-deficient strains did not cause any changes in the banding patterns whereas a single base change in 10-mer primers produced substantial differences. Finally, further research is required to better understand the potential and limitations of the RAPD assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Hagger JA, Fisher AS, Hill SJ, Depledge MH, Jha AN (2002). Genotoxic, cytotoxic and ontogenetic effects of tri-n-butyltin on the marine worm, Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta : Nereidae). Aquatic Toxicology, 57(4), 243-255.
Hagger JA, Fisher AS, Hill SJ, Depledge MH, Jha AN (2002). Genotoxic, cytotoxic and ontogenetic effects of tri-n-butyltin on the marine worm, Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta: Nereidae).
Aquat Toxicol,
57(4), 243-255.
Abstract:
Genotoxic, cytotoxic and ontogenetic effects of tri-n-butyltin on the marine worm, Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta: Nereidae).
The genotoxic, cytotoxic and ontogenetic (embryo-larval) or developmental effects of tri-n-butyltin (TBT), were investigated in Platynereis dumerilii. Following the determination of maximum tolerated dose with regard to ontogenetic effects and mortality, early life stages of P. dumerilii were exposed to a range of TBT concentrations. Subsequently, the embryo-larvae were analysed for evidence of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Genotoxicity was assessed using cytogenetic endpoints that included the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations from metaphase spreads. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by determining the proliferative rate index of the growing embryo-larval cells using 5-bromodeoxyuridine labelling of the chromosomes or fluorescence plus Giemsa staining technique. TBT-exposed embryo-larvae of P. dumerilii exhibited sensitivity similar to that of other invertebrates, indicating that P. dumerilii is a suitable ecotoxicity test species. The results also suggested dose-dependent effects for genotoxic and cytotoxic end points in relation to TBT exposure. The present study highlights the need to elucidate the relative importance of direct genotoxic and indirect effects through production of genotoxic hormonal derivatives.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Camus L, Jones MB, Borseth JF, Regoli F, Depledge MH (2002). Heart rate, respiration and total oxyradical scavenging capacity of the Arctic spider crab, Hyas araneus, following exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds via sediment and injection. Aquatic Toxicology, 61(1-2), 1-13.
Camus L, Jones MB, Borseth JF, Regoli F, Depledge MH (2002). Heart rate, respiration and total oxyradical scavenging capacity of the Arctic spider crab, Hyas araneus, following exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds via sediment and injection.
Aquatic Toxicology,
61(1-2), 1-13.
Abstract:
Heart rate, respiration and total oxyradical scavenging capacity of the Arctic spider crab, Hyas araneus, following exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds via sediment and injection
Increasing industrial activity in the European Arctic has raised concerns of the potential anthropogenic impact of chemicals on this polar marine ecosystem. For the past 20 years or so, biomarkers have been developed to provide early-warning signals of detrimental impacts of chemicals on the marine ecosystem, however, most biomarker methods have been established for organisms living in temperate rather than polar waters. Little is known about biomarker responses in organisms living within the temperature range of -1.88 to +5°C. In this study, established biomarkers from temperate studies were tested on the Arctic spider crab Hyas araneus to validate their use in polar ecosystems. H. araneus is common in Svalbard fjord (Norway), although it is a temperate water species occurring from northern Spain to Svalbard at depths from 10 to 1200 m. In this paper, the effects of oil were investigated at 2°C via two routes: (i) injection and (ii) contaminated sediment. After 2 weeks of exposure, heart rate, oxygen consumption and total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) were measured in the same individuals. In both methods of contaminant exposure, heart rate showed a significant increase compared with the control (P0.05), but two individuals (n=8) showed a marked increase in oxygen uptake in the sediment-exposed group. The basal oxygen consumption of control H. araneus was lower (0.025 mg O2 g wet wt.-1 h-1) than reported for H. araneus living in temperate water. Although TOSC of H. araneus was not affected significantly by either exposure treatment (P>0.05) the mean TOSC value in the sediment-exposed group was lower than the control, indicating some saturation of the oxyradical scavenging system. Results indicate that although low temperature appears to be the main factor reducing the bioavailability of polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons, the relatively low metabolic rate of Arctic H. araneus is also implicated in decreased uptake and metabolism of oil compounds into reactive oxygen species (ROS). © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Dewailly E, Furgal C, Knap A, Galvin J, Baden D, Bowen B, Depledge M, Duguay L, Fleming L, Ford T, et al (2002). Indicators of ocean and human health. Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique, 93, S34-S38.
Dewailly E, Furgal C, Knap A, Galvin J, Baden D, Bowen B, Depledge M, Duguay L, Fleming L, Ford T, et al (2002). Indicators of ocean and human health.
Abstract:
Indicators of ocean and human health.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Knap A, Dewailly E, Furgal C, Galvin J, Baden D, Bowen RE, Depledge M, Duguay L, Fleming LE, Ford T, et al (2002). Indicators of ocean health and human health: Developing a research and monitoring framework. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(9), 839-845.
Knap A, Dewailly E, Furgal C, Galvin J, Baden D, Bowen RE, Depledge M, Duguay L, Fleming LE, Ford T, et al (2002). Indicators of ocean health and human health: developing a research and monitoring framework.
Environ Health Perspect,
110(9), 839-845.
Abstract:
Indicators of ocean health and human health: developing a research and monitoring framework.
We need to critically assess the present quality of the marine ecosystem, especially the connection between ecosystem change and threats to human health. In this article we review the current state of indicators to link changes in marine organisms with eventual effects to human health, identify research opportunities in the use of indicators of ocean and human health, and discuss how to establish collaborations between national and international governmental and private sector groups. We present a synthesis of the present state of understanding of the connection between ocean health and human health, a discussion of areas where resources are required, and a discussion of critical research needs and a template for future work in this field. To understand fully the interactions between ocean health and human health, programs should be organized around a "models-based" approach focusing on critical themes and attributes of marine environmental and public health risks. Given the extent and complex nature of ocean and human health issues, a program networking across geographic and disciplinary boundaries is essential. The overall goal of this approach would be the early detection of potential marine-based contaminants, the protection of marine ecosystems, the prevention of associated human illness, and by implication, the development of products to enhance human well-being. The tight connection between research and monitoring is essential to develop such an indicator-based effort.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Full text.
Moore M, Depledge M (2002). Marine environmental research - Pollutant responses in marine organisms (PRIMO 11) - Editorial. Marine Environmental Research, 54(3-5), III-IIV.
Moore M, Depledge M (2002). Marine environmental research - Pollutant responses in marine organisms (PRIMO 11) - Editorial.
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH,
54(3-5), III-IV.
Author URL.
Galloway TS, Sanger RC, Smith KL, Fillmann G, Readman JW, Ford TE, Depledge MH (2002). Rapid assessment of marine pollution using multiple biomarkers and chemical immunoassays. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(10), 2219-2226.
DePledge M, Galloway T, Sanger R, Smith R (2002). Rapid assessment of marine pollution using multiple biomarkers and chemical immunoassays. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(10), 2219-2226.
Galloway TS, Millward N, Browne MA, Depledge MH (2002). Rapid assessment of organophosphorous/carbamate exposure in the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis using combined esterase activities as biomarkers. Aquatic Toxicology, 61(3-4), 169-180.
Galloway TS, Millward N, Browne MA, Depledge MH (2002). Rapid assessment of organophosphorous/carbamate exposure in the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis using combined esterase activities as biomarkers.
Aquat Toxicol,
61(3-4), 169-180.
Abstract:
Rapid assessment of organophosphorous/carbamate exposure in the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis using combined esterase activities as biomarkers.
Carboxylesterases in bivalve molluscs exhibit greater sensitivity to organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides than acetylcholinesterase and are present at higher levels. The aim of the present study was to combine measurement of both acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities in the marine bivalve Mytilus edulis in order to detect the effects of pesticide exposure. Spectrophotometric assays in microtitreplate format were optimised for use with M. edulis haemolymph and tissue homogenate samples. This permitted the nature and distribution of the enzymes to be determined. One predominant pharmacological form of activity consistent in its patterns of activation and inhibition with acetylcholinesterase was identified in the haemolymph with an apparent K(m) for acetylthiocholineiodide of 1.33 mM. Carboxylesterase activity in the tissues was characterised by its preferential hydrolysis of the substrate analogue phenylthioacetate. Concentration-dependent inhibition of both activities was demonstrated following in vitro incubation with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), paraoxon and eserine in the range 0.1-3.0 mM. When M. edulis (n=10) were exposed for 24 h to concentrations of eserine or paraoxon of 0.05-1.0 mM, the percentage inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was in each case greater than for carboxylesterase and reached statistical significance at lower concentrations. In all exposures, a proportion of carboxylesterase activity was present which remained resistant to inhibition by either organophosphorous or carbamate compounds. The ecotoxicological significance of these findings for the environmental monitoring of pesticide exposure is discussed.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Fillmann G, Galloway TS, Sanger RC, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2002). Relative performance of immunochemical (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and gas chromatography-electron-capture detection techniques to quantify polychlorinated biphenyls in mussel tissues. Analytica Chimica Acta, 461(1), 75-84.
Fillmann G, Galloway TS, Sanger RC, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2002). Relative performance of immunochemical (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and gas chromatography-electron-capture detection techniques to quantify polychlorinated biphenyls in mussel tissues.
Analytica Chimica Acta,
461(1), 75-84.
Abstract:
Relative performance of immunochemical (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and gas chromatography-electron-capture detection techniques to quantify polychlorinated biphenyls in mussel tissues
Results from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) analyses of mussel tissue extracts by immunoassay (PCB RaPID Assay®) and conventional gas chromatography-electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) are described and compared. Mussels from natural populations with diverse concentrations of PCBs, mussel tissue fortified with technical Aroclor® 1254 and a certified reference material are included. A strong correlation is reported between "total" PCBs quantified by both techniques (r2=0.95, n=27). Immunoassay results, however, exhibited lower values compared to GC-ECD, particularly when GC results are corrected for procedural recovery. A reduced antibody response, due to differences in the congener composition between the mussel extracts and Aroclor® 1254 (used to raise and calibrate the ELISA), provides the most likely explanation for this difference. Non-parametric statistical analyses confirmed that, although differing from Aroclor® 1254, PCB congener compositions in the mussel extracts most closely resemble that of Aroclor® 1254. At very high PCB concentrations (>30μgg-1 dry weight), however, ELISA results are statistically different (P
Abstract.
Fillmann G, Galloway TS, Sanger RC, Depledge MH, Readman JW (2002). The relative performance of immmunochemical (ELISA) and GC-EDC techniques to quantify PCBs in mussel tissues. Analytica Chimica Acta, 461, 75-84.
Atienzar FA, Evenden AJ, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2002). The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA assay as a biomaker for the detection of diverese genetic alterations: possible implication of confounding factors. Biomarkers, 7, 94-101.
Camus L, Jones MB, Borseth JF, Grosvik BE, Regoli F, Depledge MH (2002). Total oxyradical scavenging capacity and cell membrane stability of haemocytes of the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandicus, following benzo(a)pyrene exposure. Marine Environmental Research, 54(3-5), 425-430.
Camus L, Jones MB, Børseth JF, Grøsvik BE, Regoli F, Depledge MH (2002). Total oxyradical scavenging capacity and cell membrane stability of haemocytes of the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandicus, following benzo(a)pyrene exposure.
Mar Environ Res,
54(3-5), 425-430.
Abstract:
Total oxyradical scavenging capacity and cell membrane stability of haemocytes of the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandicus, following benzo(a)pyrene exposure.
Industrial activities, notably oil and gas industries, are expanding in the Arctic. Most of the biomarkers were developed using temperate organisms living at temperatures above 10 degrees C. Little is known about the biomarker responses of organisms living between -1.88 and 5 degrees C. Therefore, assessment of the toxicity of chemicals to cold-water adapted species is required. In this study, the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandicus, was selected as a key species for bio-monitoring because of wide distribution in Arctic waters and its commercial value. Test animals, stored in seawater at 2 degrees C, were injected with benzo(a)pyrene (diluted in cod liver oil 5 mg ml(-1)) in the adductor muscle every 24 h for four days giving a final dose of 0, 74 and 90.6 mg kg(-1) wet weight for control, low and high dose, respectively. The biomarkers used were total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) in the digestive gland and cell membrane stability of haemocytes. TOSC values were significantly reduced (ca. 30%) in exposed groups (P < 0.05), indicating a depletion in oxyradical molecular scavengers. The antioxidant defences appeared to be overwhelmed by the reactive oxygen species as the plasma membranes of haemocytes were destabilised (P < 0.05) probably due to lipid peroxidation. These data indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced by Arctic scallops via the metabolisation of benzo(a)pyrene at 2 degrees C.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Bjerregaard P, Depledge MH (2002). Trace metal concentrations and contents in the tissues of the shore crab Carcinus maenas: Effects of size and tissue hydration.
Marine Biology,
141(4), 741-752.
Abstract:
Trace metal concentrations and contents in the tissues of the shore crab Carcinus maenas: Effects of size and tissue hydration
Water content in the tissues, tissue proportions, and content and concentrations of copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, manganese, and cobalt were determined in male shore crabs Carcinus maenas of different sizes. Average wet to dry weight ratios in midgut gland, gills, muscle, exoskeleton, stomach, heart, testes, hypodermis, and haemolymph were 5.3, 9.5, 4.1, 1.5, 4.8, 6.1, 3.8, 4.7, and 13, respectively. The water content in the soft tissues generally increased with increasing size of the crabs (except in testes). Dry midgut gland, gills, muscle, exoskeleton, stomach, heart, testes, hypodermis, and haemolymph constituted 4, 0.9, 20, 68, 0.5, 0.12, 0.5, 0.7 and 5.3%, respectively, of the body dry weight. Dry midgut gland, gills, stomach, hypodermis, and haemolymph constituted a larger proportion of the body weight in small than in large crabs, whereas the opposite was the case for exoskeleton. Protein concentrations in the haemolymph decreased with size whereas haemolymph volume increased. Seventy percent of the copper body burden was located in the haemolymph. The majority of zinc (61%) occurred in muscle, whereas the midgut gland was the major site of cadmium storage (89%). The exoskeleton contained the major part of the body burden of iron (71%) and manganese (95%). Most of the cobalt body burden was located in the exoskeleton (45%) and haemolymph (44%). As tissue hydration and tissue proportions changed with size, tissue metal concentrations did not necessarily vary identically with size when expressed on a dry weight compared to a wet weight basis. Tissue potassium concentrations were negatively correlated with tissue water contents, indicating that water in tissues with a high wet to dry weight ratio was of extracellular origin. However, comparison of tissue and haemolymph copper levels showed that this extracellular water could not be pure haemolymph as tissue copper concentrations would have been higher than the values actually found.
Abstract.
Bjerregaard P, Depledge MH (2002). Trace metal concentrations and contents in the tissues of the shore crab Carcinus maenas: effects of size and tissue hydration. Marine Biology, 141(4), 741-752.
Atienzar FA, Evenden AJ, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2002). Use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations: possible implications of confounding factors. Biomarkers, 7(1), 94-101.
Atienzar FA, Evenden AJ, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2002). Use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations: possible implications of confounding factors.
Biomarkers,
7(1), 94-101.
Abstract:
Use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay for the detection of DNA damage and mutations: possible implications of confounding factors.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to qualitatively detect the kinetics of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced DNA effects in the water flea Daphnia magna exposed to 25 and 50 micrograms l-1 B[a]P for 7 and 6 days, respectively. Mortality was recorded on a daily basis in both experiments, and RAPD analysis was performed on samples collected every day following isolation of genomic DNA. The main changes occurring in RAPD profiles produced by the population of Daphnia magna exposed to 25 and 50 micrograms l-1 B[a]P was a decrease and increase in band intensity, respectively. Most of the changes occurring in the RAPD patterns were likely to be the result of B[a]P-induced DNA damage (B[a]P DNA adducts, oxidized bases, DNA breakages) and/or mutations (point mutations and large rearrangements). In addition, reproducible changes also occurred in the profiles generated by control Daphnia magna. The results lead us to suggest that, in addition to B[a]P-induced DNA damage and mutations, factors such as variation in gene expression, steady levels of genetic alterations and changes in metabolic processes could induce some changes in RAPD patterns. Nevertheless, our data suggest that DNA damage and mutations appear to be the main factors influencing RAPD patterns. This study also emphasizes that unexpected variation in control profiles is not always associated with artefacts.
Abstract.
Author URL.
2001
Billinghurst Z, Clare AS, Depledge MH (2001). Effects of 4-n-nonylphenol and 17 beta-oestradiol on early development of the barnacle Elminius modestus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 257(2), 255-268.
Billinghurst Z, Clare AS, Depledge MH (2001). Effects of 4-n-nonylphenol and 17beta-oestradiol on early development of the barnacle Elminius modestus.
J Exp Mar Bio Ecol,
257(2), 255-268.
Abstract:
Effects of 4-n-nonylphenol and 17beta-oestradiol on early development of the barnacle Elminius modestus.
Pollutants that are present in the aquatic environment and cause abnormal endocrine function in wildlife populations have been termed endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The impacts of these chemicals on the reproduction and development of vertebrates has been shown to be significant in both field studies and laboratory experiments. Over the past decade the number of investigations into the impacts of EDCs that affect reproductive and sexual characteristics (reproductive EDCs) has increased and evidence of their potency is evident in numerous wildlife species and through data from in vitro tests. However, little information is available on whether chemicals which act as EDCs in vertebrate species affect aquatic invertebrates. The case of imposex in archeogastropods following exposure to tributyltin (TBT) is a notable exception. Moreover, a number of studies have shown that development, fecundity and reproductive output of some aquatic invertebrates are affected significantly by exposure to pollutants. In order to determine whether external signs of exposure to vertebrate EDCs can be observed and monitored in invertebrate species, we exposed larvae of the barnacle Elminius modestus to environmentally realistic concentrations of the xeno-oestrogen, 4-n-nonylphenol (NP), and the natural oestrogen, 17beta-oestradiol (E(2)). Early life stages (nauplii and cyprids) were also exposed in the laboratory to determine whether there were effects on the timing of larval development and settlement. Ovary development and size of juveniles was measured following chronic exposure. Exposure to NP in the concentration range 0.01-10 µg l(-1) resulted in disruption of the timing of larval development. Similar results were obtained with E(2). Pulse exposures showed that the timing of exposure is critical and exposures for a period of 12 months caused long-term effects. A linear, concentration-dependent response was not evident.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Atienzar FA, Cheung VV, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2001). Fitness parameters and DNA effects are sensitive indicators of copper-induced toxicity in Daphnia magna. Toxicological Sciences, 59(2), 241-250.
Atienzar FA, Cheung VV, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2001). Fitness parameters and DNA effects are sensitive indicators of copper-induced toxicity in Daphnia magna.
Toxicol Sci,
59(2), 241-250.
Abstract:
Fitness parameters and DNA effects are sensitive indicators of copper-induced toxicity in Daphnia magna.
This study compared the effects occurring at molecular and population levels in Daphnia magna exposed to copper concentrations in the range of 15-120 microg/l. The qualitative and quantitative modifications arising in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles as a measure of DNA effects were compared with a number of key ecological fitness parameters, namely, the age-specific survival, age-specific fecundity, net reproductive rate, and intrinsic rate of population increase. Results suggested that growth, reproduction, and most of the fitness parameters as well as genomic template stability (a qualitative measure reflecting changes in RAPD profiles) were significantly affected at copper concentrations of 90 and 120 microg/l. Among the fitness parameters, the age-specific fecundity and net reproductive rate were the most sensitive parameters of toxicity. Changes in RAPD patterns generally occurred at copper concentrations of 90 and 120 microg/l, but with one primer, changes significantly arose at all copper concentrations. Overall, molecular and population parameters compared well and represented a sensitive means to measure toxicity induced by copper in Daphnia magna. In conclusion, the measurement of parameters at both molecular and population levels is valuable for investigating the specific effects of agents interacting with DNA. Ultimately, this methodology may allow the ecotoxicological examination of the link between molecular alterations and measurable adverse effects at higher levels of biological organization.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Lewis S, Donkin ME, Depledge MH (2001). Hsp70 expression in Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta) exposed to environmental stressors. Aquatic Toxicology, 51(3), 277-291.
Lewis S, Donkin ME, Depledge MH (2001). Hsp70 expression in Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta) exposed to environmental stressors.
Aquat Toxicol,
51(3), 277-291.
Abstract:
Hsp70 expression in Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta) exposed to environmental stressors.
Numerous studies have indicated that stress proteins have potential as biomarkers of exposure to environmental contaminants. Analysis of stress proteins in animals, especially Hsp70, has dominated this research area despite increasing interest in the use of plants as pollution monitors. In the present study Hsp70 expression in Enteromorpha intestinalis has been investigated under exposure to a variety of stressors, to evaluate the potential use of Hsp70 as a biomarker of contaminant exposure in this seaweed. E. intestinalis was exposed to thermal stress, copper under differing conditions of nutrient availability and the triazine herbicide Irgarol 1051. Measurements were also taken to compare Hsp70 with conventional sublethal endpoints of toxicity such as growth and fluorescence induction parameters such as Fv/Fm. E. intestinalis exhibited a typical heat shock response. Hsp70 expression was increased with copper exposure, but proved to be a relatively insensitive biomarker of copper exposure compared to growth measurements. Nutrient limitation enhanced copper toxicity and significantly impaired growth, Fv/Fm and Hsp70 production. Fv/Fm and growth were strongly affected by Irgarol 1051 exposure, but Hsp70 levels were unaltered following exposure to the herbicide. The implications of using Hsp70 expression in E. intestinalis as a biomarker are discussed.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Galloway TS, Depledge MH (2001). Immunotoxicity in invertebrates: Measurement and ecotoxicological relevance. Ecotoxicology, 10(1), 5-23.
Galloway TS, Depledge MH (2001). Immunotoxicity in invertebrates: measurement and ecotoxicological relevance.
Ecotoxicology,
10(1), 5-23.
Abstract:
Immunotoxicity in invertebrates: measurement and ecotoxicological relevance.
Concern is growing regarding the impact of chemicals suspected of altering the function of the immune system in humans and wildlife. There are numerous examples of links between pollution and increased susceptibility to disease in wildlife species, including immunosuppression in harbour seals feeding on fish from contaminated sites, altered immune function in riverine fish and decreased host resistance in birds exposed to pollutants. Laboratory tests have identified potential immunological hazards posed by a range of anthropogenic chemicals in mammals and higher vertebrates. However, few reports have considered the ecological relevance of pollution-induced immunosuppression in invertebrate phyla, which constitute around 95% of all animal species and occupy key structural and functional roles in ecosystems. In this paper effects of chemicals on immune function in invertebrates are briefly reviewed and biomarkers of immunotoxicity are identified. Examples of new approaches for the measurement of immunological inflammatory reactions and stress in molluscan haemocytes are detailed. The relevance of defining the immune system as a target organ of toxicity in invertebrates is discussed and an integrated approach for the use of immunological biomarkers in environment management is proposed, combining measures of immune function and organismal viability at the biochemical, cellular and population level.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Wells PG, Depledge MH, Butler JN, Manock JJ, Knap AH (2001). Rapid toxicity assessment and biomonitoring of marine contaminants - Exploiting the potential of rapid biomarker assays and microscale toxicity tests. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(10), 799-804.
Wells PG, Depledge MH, Butler JN, Manock JJ, Knap AH (2001). Rapid toxicity assessment and biomonitoring of marine contaminants - Exploiting the potential of rapid biomarker assays and microscale toxicity tests.
Marine Pollution Bulletin,
42(10), 799-804.
Abstract:
Rapid toxicity assessment and biomonitoring of marine contaminants - Exploiting the potential of rapid biomarker assays and microscale toxicity tests
There is a great need for an integrated international effort in research and training using rapid, easy to use, biomarker and microscale ecotoxicity techniques. These techniques must be directed, coordinated and formulated into protocols that contribute to the prevention and reduction of marine pollution world-wide and the improvement of ocean and human health. This need should be considered as urgent by marine environmental scientists, managers and policy makers throughout the world. Our paper discusses such techniques and suggests a four-point framework for advancing work towards their wider use, particularly in developing coastal nations. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Abstract.
Cordi B, Donkin ME, Peloquin J, Price DN, Depledge MH (2001). The influence of UV-B radiation on the reproductive cells of the intertidal macroalga, Enteromorpha intestinalis. Aquatic Toxicology, 56(1), 1-11.
Cordi B, Donkin ME, Peloquin J, Price DN, Depledge MH (2001). The influence of UV-B radiation on the reproductive cells of the intertidal macroalga, Enteromorpha intestinalis.
Aquat Toxicol,
56(1), 1-11.
Abstract:
The influence of UV-B radiation on the reproductive cells of the intertidal macroalga, Enteromorpha intestinalis.
The relative sensitivity of the reproductive cells of the seaweed Enteromorpha intestinalis to UV-B was assessed by measuring in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence (F(v) variable fluorescence), germination success and growth rates. Zoospores (the asexual reproductive cells) exhibit up to a 6 fold higher sensitivity to UV-B exposure than the mature thalli (measured as chlorophyll fluorescence, F(v)), and differences in growth rates were also found. Consistent patterns emerged throughout these experiments in variable fluorescence, germination success and growth rates, indicating a greater sensitivity in the sexual reproductive phase of the life cycle compared with the asexual phase. Inhibition of germination success (up to 50%) and growth rates (up to 16.4%) of settled gametes and zoospores after 1-h exposures to elevated levels of UV-B (equivalent to 27 and 31% ozone depletion) showed that damage to the reproductive cells was irreversible. In conclusion, the ecological significance of elevated UV-B exposure in the marine environment may be seriously under-estimated if effects on the early lifestages of algae are not considered.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Curtis TM, Williamson R, Depledge MH (2001). The initial mode of action of copper on the cardiac physiology of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Aquatic Toxicology, 52(1), 29-38.
Curtis TM, Williamson R, Depledge MH (2001). The initial mode of action of copper on the cardiac physiology of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.
Aquat Toxicol,
52(1), 29-38.
Abstract:
The initial mode of action of copper on the cardiac physiology of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.
Previous studies have shown that low levels of copper (down to 0.8 microM) induce bradycardia in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and that this is not caused by prolonged valve closure. The aim of this study was to determine the precise mechanism responsible. To establish if copper was directly affecting heart cell physiology, recordings of contractions from isolated ventricular strips were made using an isometric force transducer, in response to copper concentrations (as CuCl2) ranging between 1 microM and 1 mM. Inhibition of mechanical activity only occurred at 1 mM copper, suggesting that the copper-induced bradycardia observed in whole animals cannot be attributed to direct cardiotoxicity. Effects of copper on the cardiac nerves were subsequently examined. Following removal of visceral ganglia (from where the cardiac nerves originate), exposure to 12.5 microM copper had no effect on the heart rate of whole animals. The effect of copper on the heart rate of mussels could not be abolished by depletion of the monoamine content of the animal using reserpine. However, pre-treatment of the animals with alpha-bungarotoxin considerably reduced the sensitivity of the heart to copper. These results indicated that the influence of copper on the heart of M. edulis might be mediated by a change in the activity of cholinergic nerves to heart. In the final experiments, mussels were injected with either benzoquinonium or D-tubocurarine, prior to copper exposure, in an attempt to selectively block the inhibitory or excitatory cholinoreceptors of the heart. Only benzoquinonium decreased the susceptibility of the heart to copper, suggesting that copper affects the cardiac activity of blue mussels by stimulating inhibitory cholinergic nerves to the heart.
Abstract.
Author URL.
2000
Fossi MC, Casini S, Savelli C, Corbelli C, Franchi E, Mattei N, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Corsi I, Bamber S, Depledge MH, et al (2000). Biomarker responses at different levels of biological organization in crabs (Carcinus aestuarii) experimentally exposed to benzo(α)pyrene.
Chemosphere,
40(8), 861-874.
Abstract:
Biomarker responses at different levels of biological organization in crabs (Carcinus aestuarii) experimentally exposed to benzo(α)pyrene
The aim of this study was to validate a multi-trial biomarker approach for the evaluation of toxicological risk due to benzo(α)pyrene. Carcinus aestuarii, exposed to increasing concentrations of B(α)P in the water, was used as the bioindicator organism. A set of biomarkers were tested in order to: identify biological materials for biomarker and residue analysis; determine a group of sensitive techniques for the assessment of PAH contamination; investigate correlation between responses at different levels of biological organisation. The results underlined that BPMO activities in hepatopancreas and gills were a good biomarker of exposure to PAH-type compounds. B esterases activities in hemolymph and porphyrin patterns in excreta could be proposed as a non-destructive approach for evaluating chemical exposure in this species. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Abstract.
Morrall CE, Galloway TS, Trapido-Rosenthal HG, Depledge MH (2000). Characterisation of nitric oxide synthase activity in the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pallida.
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol,
125(4), 483-491.
Abstract:
Characterisation of nitric oxide synthase activity in the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pallida.
The presence of nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.23 NOS) activity is demonstrated in the tropical marine cnidarian Aiptasia pallida (Verrill). Enzyme activity was assayed by measuring the conversion of [3H]arginine to [3H]citrulline. Optimal NOS activity was found to require NADPH. Activity was inhibited by the competitive NOS inhibitor NG-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA), but not the arginase inhibitors L-valine and L-ornithine. NOS activity was predominantly cytosolic, and was characterised by a Km for arginine of 19.05 microM and a Vmax of 2.96 pmol/min per microgram protein. Histochemical localisation of NOS activity using NADPH diaphorase staining showed the enzyme to be predominantly present in the epidermal cells and at the extremities of the mesoglea. These results provide a preliminary biochemical characterisation and histochemical localisation of NOS activity in A. pallida, an ecologically important sentinel species in tropical marine ecosystems.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Atienzar FA, Cordi B, Donkin ME, Evenden AJ, Jha AN, Depledge MH (2000). Comparison of ultraviolet-induced genotoxicity detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA with chlorophyll fluorescence and growth in a marine macroalgae, Palmaria palmata.
Aquat Toxicol,
50(1-2), 1-12.
Abstract:
Comparison of ultraviolet-induced genotoxicity detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA with chlorophyll fluorescence and growth in a marine macroalgae, Palmaria palmata.
The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to detect DNA damage in the sublittoral macroalgae Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta) exposed to both ambient and elevated irradiances of UV-B (280-315 nm). To investigate the potential of this method in ecotoxicological assessments, the qualitative and quantitative modifications in RAPD profiles were compared with changes in a number of physiological and fitness parameters. RAPD detectable modifications in DNA profiles were observed in all UV exposed individuals compared with controls. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence (F(v)/F(m) ratio), in vivo pigment absorptance, thallus growth and RAPD profiles, examined simultaneously, provided a sensitive measure of UV-induced toxicity. In conclusion, the application of the RAPD method in conjunction with other suitable physiological and fitness measurements, may prove to be a valuable tool for investigating the specific effects of genotoxic agents upon marine algal populations. Ultimately, this methodology may allow the ecotoxicological examination of the link between molecular alterations and measurable adverse effects at higher levels of biological organisation.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Jha AN, Cheung VV, Foulkes ME, Hill SJ, Depledge MH (2000). Detection of genotoxins in the marine environment: adoption and evaluation of an integrated approach using the embryo-larval stages of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis.
Mutat Res,
464(2), 213-228.
Abstract:
Detection of genotoxins in the marine environment: adoption and evaluation of an integrated approach using the embryo-larval stages of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis.
In genetic ecotoxicology or eco-genotoxicology, there is lack of well-validated systems which could demonstrate the utility of multiple endpoints in environmental quality assessment. For an evaluation of genotoxic potential of heterogeneous marine sediment samples collected from a small fishing harbour in the UK, an in vivo test system using embryo-larval stages of the common mussel, Mytilus edulis was validated against direct and indirect acting reference mutagens. The system appeared to be sensitive and reproducible for cytogenetic endpoints analysed (sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosomal aberrations (CAbs)). Following validation and chemical characterisation of the environmental samples, multiple endpoints were measured. Determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was carried out as a measure to determine cytotoxic effects as a confounding factor for genotoxicity, based on developmental and cytotoxic (in terms of proliferative rate index or PRI) effects. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of the samples gave a positive response for all the endpoints tested, linking different levels of biological organisation (i.e. chromosomal, cellular and organismal) for the observed effects. The study also emphasises the need for the assessment of the short and long-term impacts of dredge disposal on marine biota by including laboratory-based bioassays and incorporating an integrated approach which could yield as much useful information as possible in overall hazard and risk assessment for aquatic genotoxicity.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Jha AN, Hagger JA, Hill SJ, Depledge MH (2000). Genotoxic, cytotoxic and developmental effects of tributyltin oxide (TBTO): an integrated approach to the evaluation of the relative sensitivities of two marine species.
Mar Environ Res,
50(1-5), 565-573.
Abstract:
Genotoxic, cytotoxic and developmental effects of tributyltin oxide (TBTO): an integrated approach to the evaluation of the relative sensitivities of two marine species.
Adopting an integrated approach the potential genotoxic, cytotoxic and developmental effects of tributyltin oxide (TBTO), a known endocrine-disrupting agent for neogastropods, have been evaluated in two ecologically relevant invertebrates: Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) and Platynereis dumerilli (rag worm). Following determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in terms of developmental and survival effects, the embryo-larval stages of these organisms were exposed to a range of concentrations of TBTO, and analysed for cytotoxic (proliferation rate index) and genotoxic (sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations) effects. The study suggested that: (1) TBTO is both toxic and genotoxic to embryo-larval stages of both species; (2) at comparable concentrations, for developmental and genotoxic effects, P. dumerilii (non-target species) is more sensitive compared to M. edulis (target species); and (3) genotoxic effects are more closely tied with the development and survival of the organisms. The study emphasises the need of the evaluation of genotoxic potential of other endocrine-disrupting agents in different taxonomic groups.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Billinghurst Z, Clare AS, Matsumura K, Depledge MH (2000). Induction of cypris major protein in barnacle larvae by exposure to 4-n-nonylphenol and 17β-oestradiol.
Aquatic Toxicology,
47(3-4), 203-212.
Abstract:
Induction of cypris major protein in barnacle larvae by exposure to 4-n-nonylphenol and 17β-oestradiol
Intense efforts are currently being made to develop procedures to assess the potential for endocrine disruption in aquatic environments. Most attention has focused on fresh water systems, amphibians and fish and morphological and molecular measures for endocrine disruption. A biomarker approach involving the induction of a female-specific protein, vitellogenin, in males by exposure to xeno-oestrogens has proved particularly useful. By contrast marine environments and invertebrates have received comparatively little attention. The present study aimed to examine the effects of exposure to a xeno-oetrogen, 4-n-nonylphenol (4-NP) and a natural oestrogen, 17β-oestradiol (E2) on a marine crustacean, the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. In particular, the effect of such exposure on levels of a larval storage protein, cypris major protein (CMP), which is related to barnacle vitellin, has been examined. Accordingly, nauplius stage larvae of B. amphitrite were exposed to low concentrations (0.01-1.0 μg l-1) of 4-NP and E2 (1.0 μg l-1) from egg hatching until the cypris stage. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting were used to monitor CMP levels in exposed larvae relative to 'zero' concentration controls. Elevated (100% increase) CMP levels were measured in larvae exposed to both 4-NP and E2 at a concentration of 1.0 μg l-1, and notable increases occurred at lower concentrations of 4-NP. It is concluded that CMP and perhaps other vitellin-like proteins are potential biomarkers of low level oestrogen exposure in crustaceans. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
Abstract.
Smith KL, Galloway TS, Depledge MH (2000). Neuro-endocrine biomarkers of pollution-induced stress in marine invertebrates.
Abstract:
Neuro-endocrine biomarkers of pollution-induced stress in marine invertebrates.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Atienzar F, Evenden A, Jha A, Savva D, Depledge M (2000). Optimized RAPD analysis generates high-quality genomic DNA profiles at high annealing temperature.
Biotechniques,
28(1), 52-54.
Author URL.
Curtis TM, Williamson R, Depledge MH (2000). Simultaneous, long-term monitoring of valve and cardiac activity in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis exposed to copper.
Marine Biology,
136(5), 837-846.
Abstract:
Simultaneous, long-term monitoring of valve and cardiac activity in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis exposed to copper
Valve and cardiac activity were simultaneously measured in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) in response to 10 d copper exposure. Valve movements, heart rates and heart-rate variability were obtained non-invasively using a Musselmonitor® (valve activity) and a modified version of the Computer-Aided Physiological Monitoring system (CAPMON; cardiac activity). After 2 d exposure of mussels (4 individuals per treatment group) to a range of dissolved copper concentrations (0 to 12.5 μM as CuCl2) median valve positions (% open) and median heart rates (beats per minute) declined as a function of copper concentration. Heart-rate variability (coefficient of variation for interpulse durations) rose in a concentration-dependent manner. The 48 h EC50 values (concentrations of copper causing 50% change) for valve positions, heart rates and heart-rate variability were 2.1, 0.8, and 0.06 μM, respectively. Valve activity was weakly correlated with both heart rate (r = 0.48 ± 0.02) and heart-rate variability (r = 0.32 ± 0.06) for control individuals (0 μM Cu2+). This resulted from a number of short enclosure events that did not coincide with a change in cardiac activity. Exposure of mussels to increasing copper concentrations (≥0.8 μM) progressively reduced the correlation between valve activity and heart rates (r = 0 for individuals dosed with ≥6.3 μM Cu2+), while correlations between valve activity and heart-rate variability were unaffected. The poor correlations resulted from periods of valve flapping that were not mimicked by similar fluctuations in heart rate or heart-rate variability. The data suggest that the copper-induced bradycardia observed in mussels is not a consequence of prolonged valve closure.
Abstract.
Camus L, Grøsvik BE, Børseth JF, Jones MB, Depledge MH (2000). Stability of lysosomal and cell membranes in haemocytes of the common mussel (Mytilus edulis): Effect of low temperatures.
Abstract:
Stability of lysosomal and cell membranes in haemocytes of the common mussel (Mytilus edulis): Effect of low temperatures
Abstract.
Aagaard A, Styrishave B, Warman CG, Depledge MH (2000). The use of cardiac monitoring in the assessment of mercury toxicity in the subtropical pebble crab Gaetice depressus (Brachyura : Grapsidae : Varuninae).
SCIENTIA MARINA,
64(4), 381-386.
Author URL.
1999
Ringwood AH, Hameedi MJ, Lee RF, Brouwer M, Peters EC, Scott GI, Luoma SN, DiGiulio RT, Depledge M, Steinert S, et al (1999). Bivalve Biomarker Workshop: overview and discussion group summaries.
BIOMARKERS,
4(6), 391-399.
Author URL.
Hebel DK, Jones MB, Moate RM, Depledge MH (1999). Differing sensitivities of respiratory and osmoregulatory gill tissue of Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Decapoda) to water-borne copper.
Marine Biology,
133(4), 675-681.
Abstract:
Differing sensitivities of respiratory and osmoregulatory gill tissue of Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Decapoda) to water-borne copper
Following a 14 d exposure to sublethal concentrations of copper [0 (= control), 50, 100, 200, 300, 500 μg l-1] in a static laboratory system, Gills 5 and 8 of the common shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) were removed and examined for damage by transmission electron microscopy. In this species, the anterior gills (1 to 6) are primarily respiratory in function, while the posterior gills (7 to 9) have an additional osmoregulatory role, with the respiratory epithelia being restricted to areas proximal to the marginal canal. The first signs of damage (epithelial hyperplasia, necrosis, vacuolation, haemocyte infiltration) occurred at 100 μg Cu l-1, but only in the respiratory gill (5) and only in areas close to the marginal canal. At 200 to 500 μg Cu l-1, these ultrastructural changes spread progressively throughout the lamellae of the respiratory gill. No damage was observed in the osmoregulatory gill (8) until 300 μg Cu l-1, and structural disruption, similar to that seen in the respiratory gill at 100 μg Cu l-1, was not observed until exposure to 500 μg Cu l-1; lipofuscin granule formation was seen in the osmoregulatory gill following exposure to 300 and 500 μg Cu l-1. The physiological implications of the differing sensitivities of the two gill types to waterborne copper are discussed.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Billinghurst Z (1999). Ecological significance of endocrine disruption in marine invertebrates.
Marine Pollution Bulletin,
39(1-12), 335-345.
Abstract:
Ecological significance of endocrine disruption in marine invertebrates
Sydney Water Corp's evaluation of risks to human health and aquatic life in creeks, rivers, estuaries, and ocean waters affected by wet weather sewage overflows, stormwater, and sewage treatment plant discharges in seven geographic areas in the Blue Mountains and Illawarra Region identified a number of chemicals of potential concern (COPC) at the 37 receiving water sites evaluated. In estuarine waters, 14 chemicals were identified as COPC at one or more of the sites and stormwater was the predominant source of the chemicals. Stormwater contributed >85% of the load of the chemicals of concern (COC), except ammonia and nitrite which were associated with both stormwater and overflows. The risk assessment did not predict risks from the chemicals examined to people engaged in water based activities at any of the 37 receiving water sites. Noncarcinogenic risks from fish ingestion were not predicted at most of the sites, but noncarcinogenic risks from exposure to mercury were predicted at three sites. However, mercury will very likely pose negligible risks because of the conservative assumptions used in the human health risk evaluation and the large uncertainty factors associated with the toxicity reference value. Predicted cancer risks for most individual COC were relatively small, with most estimates ranging from 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 1,000,000. Carcinogenic risks were typically associated with organochlorine compounds, PAH, dichlorobenzene, and arsenic. The predicted cancer risks also appeared to be largely the result of stormwater rather than sewage overflow inputs and largely due to historical contamination by organochlorine pesticides.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Billinghurst Z (1999). Ecological significance of endocrine disruption in marine invertebrates.
Abstract:
Ecological significance of endocrine disruption in marine invertebrates
Abstract.
Conradi M, Depledge MH (1999). Effects of zinc on the life-cycle, growth and reproduction of the marine amphipod Corophium volutator.
Marine Ecology Progress Series,
176, 131-138.
Abstract:
Effects of zinc on the life-cycle, growth and reproduction of the marine amphipod Corophium volutator
The effects of zinc concentrations on the life-history, growth and reproduction of Corophium volutator (Pallas, 1766) were investigated. Amphipods were exposed for 100 d to 4 sublethal zinc concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mg l-1). Except for the highest concentration tested, zinc exposure did not affect the life-span of C. volutator, although the number of surviving amphipods decreased with increasing concentrations. Life expectancy at the end of the experiment differed at the various zinc exposure concentrations (p < 0.001). Zinc concentrations higher than 0.6 mg l-1 reduced longevity up to 20% in comparison with controls. Growth was also impaired. The degree of reduction in growth rate increased with increasing metal concentration. Amphipods exposed to 0.2 mg Zn l-1 exhibited a reduction of 6.4% in the specific growth rate (SGR), while those grown at 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg Zn l-1 exhibited reductions in SGR of 8, 9 and 24.6%, respectively. The length of mature amphipods was also reduced following zinc exposure (p < 0.05). Sex ratio was unaffected (p = 0.44), however maturation rates were slightly reduced and fertility was greatly impaired. Survival of ovigerous females and fertility were also affected by zinc when mature amphipods were exposed to these concentrations. The relationship between growth and reproduction as well as the use of growth as an endpoint in ecotoxicological studies is discussed.
Abstract.
Cordi B, Hyde P, Donkin ME, Price DN, Depledge MH (1999). Evaluation of in vivo thallus absorptance and chlorophyll fluorescence as biomarkers of UV-B exposure and effects in marine macroalgae from different tidal levels.
Marine Environmental Research,
48(3), 193-212.
Abstract:
Evaluation of in vivo thallus absorptance and chlorophyll fluorescence as biomarkers of UV-B exposure and effects in marine macroalgae from different tidal levels
A field survey and an outdoor experiment were conducted to evaluate the potential of chlorophyll fluorescence and in vivo absorptance spectra as biomarkers of short-term experimental and long-term solar UV radiation exposure in macroalgae. The eulittoral macroalga Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) (Rhodophyta) and the sublittoral macroalga Palmaria palmata (L.) (Rhodophyta) were collected at three different sites along a vertical transect on the beach and in the water column. Significant decreases in the absorptance spectra at 497 and 569 nm (consistent with the presence of R-phycoerythrin and/or carotenoids and phycoerythrobilin, respectively) occurred in P. palmata after exposure to elevated UV-B (2.7 Wm-2). Furthermore, depth-dependent decreases in thallus absorptance at specific wavelengths were found after all exposures, indicating that in vivo thallus absorptance may be a useful general indicator of UV exposure in conjunction with other biomarkers. Also, a depth-dependent decrease in F(v)/F(m) was detected in P. palmata. A 60% decrease in thallus absorptance and lack of recovery in chlorophyll fluorescence F(v)/F(m) ratio indicated irreversible damage to accessory pigments, chlorophyll a and photosystem II after exposure to elevated UV-B. Moreover, a depth-dependent increase in thallus absorptance between 290 and 325 nm was observed in P. palmata in response to short-term experimental elevated UV-B exposure and between 290 and 380 nm in response to long-term solar UV-B. In contrast, the eulittoral alga Porphyra umbilicalis exhibited a greater degree of tolerance of UV-B exposure. The results highlight the potentially damaging effects of high irradiances of photosynthetically active radiation and UV and the necessity of utilising several biomarkers when assessing the biological effects of UV-B irradiation associated with ozone depletion.
Abstract.
Bloxham MJ, Worsfold PJ, Depledge MH (1999). Integrated biological and chemical monitoring: in situ physiological responses of freshwater crayfish to fluctuations in environmental ammonia concentrations.
Ecotoxicology,
8(3), 225-237.
Abstract:
Integrated biological and chemical monitoring: in situ physiological responses of freshwater crayfish to fluctuations in environmental ammonia concentrations
A portable, computer-aided physiological monitoring system (CAPMON) has been integrated with an automated, flow injection (FI) based chemical monitor to enable continuous, long-term recording of cardiac activity in selected aquatic organisms, and total ammonia concentration in the surrounding environment. Heart rate of the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus was recorded using non-invasive infrared emitter/detectors to transduce heart beat from 4 animals simultaneously. Data were collected continuously and stored on a laptop computer. The chemical monitor incorporated a gas diffusion unit and a solid state photometric detector. Remote control and data processing were accomplished using an in-house designed microcomputer. The instrumentation was fully evaluated in the laboratory and the field and was shown to be capable of operating unattended for periods of at least 1 week. An exposure-response experiment showed that 4 h exposures to concentrations of ammonia greater than 5 mg l-1 had a significant stimulatory effect on heart rate (ANOVA F = 7.6; df = 5; P < 0.0005). The feasibility of using the system in situ was demonstrated in a 2 week field trial in which the integrated monitors were successfully deployed at a landfill leachate lagoon.
Abstract.
Brown RJ, Conradi M, Depledge MH (1999). Long-term exposure to 4-nonylphenol affects sexual differentiation and growth of the amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas, 1766).
Science of the Total Environment,
233(1-3), 77-88.
Abstract:
Long-term exposure to 4-nonylphenol affects sexual differentiation and growth of the amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas, 1766)
Concern has been growing recently over the aquatic toxicity and reproductive effects of the non-ionic surfactant 4-nonylphenol (NP). NP appears to interact with development in some crustaceans. Using exposure response experiments based on nominal NP concentrations, the 96-h LC50 for adult Corophium volutator, was 1670 μg l-1 (95% Cl 1370-2170 μg l-1). Juveniles were subsequently exposed to sublethal concentrations of NP for 120 days and effects on growth, sexual differentiation and reproduction were assessed. At the lowest NP exposure of 10 μg l-1 the density of surviving amphipods was reduced and growth was retarded. Fertility of female C. volutator increased in NP exposed populations. Sex ratio was not affected by NP exposure, however, the second antennae of exposed male animals were significantly longer than those of control animals (P
Abstract.
Astley KN, Meigh HC, Glegg GA, Braven J, Depledge MH (1999). Multi-variate analysis of biomarker responses in Mytilus edulis and Carcinus maenas from the Tees Estuary (UK).
Abstract:
Multi-variate analysis of biomarker responses in Mytilus edulis and Carcinus maenas from the Tees Estuary (UK)
Abstract.
Handy RD, Depledge MH (1999). Physiological responses: Their measurement and use as environmental biomarkers in ecotoxicology.
Ecotoxicology,
8(5), 329-349.
Abstract:
Physiological responses: Their measurement and use as environmental biomarkers in ecotoxicology
This paper briefly reviews the utility of physiological measurements as biomarkers of pollutant exposure and biological effect, and then gives a step by step description of methodologies used to measure physiological parameters in mostly fish and invertebrates, but also higher vertebrates where appropriate. The effects of pollutants on respiratory, cardiovascular, osmoregulatory, and neuro-endocrine processes are relatively well described in laboratory experiments and some of these responses (particularly ventilation, heart rate, and also body ion fluxes) have been evaluated as biomonitors or potential biomarkers in the field. Physiological assays are especially useful for monitoring fluctuating or complex exposures, or acting as 'early warning' systems for acute events. Some biomarkers rely on a change in physiological response, and a prerequisite of such assay must be to establish the normal resting response in defined environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, pH, photoperiod, etc.). Biomarkers that rely on variability of response, rather than absolute values, may not require this 'laboratory calibration.' Methods are described for on line cardiovascular monitoring with shore crabs, field applications of closed respirometry and ion flux measurements with fish; and a range of blood parameters for animals including haemoglobin, haematocrit, cell counts, glucose, triglycerides, and protein from blood and organ perfusates. Each method includes a short critic of the approach.
Abstract.
Atienzar FA, Conradi M, Evenden AJ, Jha AN, Depledge MH (1999). Qualitative assessment of genotoxicity using random-amplified polymorphic DNA: Comparison of genomic template stability with key fitness parameters in Daphnia magna exposed to benzo[a]pyrene.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
18(10), 2275-2282.
Abstract:
Qualitative assessment of genotoxicity using random-amplified polymorphic DNA: Comparison of genomic template stability with key fitness parameters in Daphnia magna exposed to benzo[a]pyrene
A method of DNA profiling using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to assess toxicant-induced DNA effects in laboratory populations of Daphnia magna exposed to varying concentrations of the genotoxic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene. These effects, represented by changes in the RAPD profiles, were compared with a number of key ecological fitness parameters (age-specific survival, age-specific fecundity, net reproductive rate; and intrinsic rate of population increase). Not only was the RAPD profiling method shown to be a rapid and reproducible assay of toxicant- induced DNA effects, but the qualitative measure of genomic template stability compared favorably with the traditional indices of fitness. The RAPD profiles, however, exhibited higher sensitivity in detecting toxic effects. The significance of these findings for future ecotoxicological studies is discussed.
Abstract.
Lewis S, Handy RD, Cordi B, Billinghurst Z, Depledge MH (1999). Stress proteins (HSP's): Methods of detection and their use as an environmental biomarker.
Ecotoxicology,
8(5), 351-368.
Abstract:
Stress proteins (HSP's): Methods of detection and their use as an environmental biomarker
This paper briefly reviews the nomenclature and application of stress proteins as biomarkers, then gives a step by step description of the popular methodologies used to measure stress protein in plant and animal tissues together with a critic of each approach and trouble shooting tips. Stress proteins (previously termed 'heat shock proteins'') are induced by many environmental stresses including exposure to trace metals or organic pollutants, changes in temperature or osmolarity, hypoxia/anoxia, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Stress proteins, especially hsp70 and hsp60, have been used as biomarkers in a range of algae, invertebrates, fish, and higher vertebrates. Several suggestions are made to improve the utility of stress proteins as a biomarker of exposure e.g. consideration of the kinetics of stress protein induction relative to the pharmacokinetics of pollutant accumulation in the organism of concern, and selection of the type of stress protein for biomonitoring. The methodologies described include sample preparation, western blotting, slot blotting, and antibody detection methods, especially for hsp70. Western blotting has been the most widely applied technique for assaying stress proteins but dot/slot blotting with the inclusion of an internal standard in each gel improves the approach by simplifying the technique - saving time and materials and producing a more quantitative result.
Abstract.
Curtis TM, Depledge MH, Williamson R (1999). Voltage-activated currents in cardiac myocytes of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - a Molecular and Integrative Physiology,
124(2), 231-241.
Abstract:
Voltage-activated currents in cardiac myocytes of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis
Voltage-sensitive ionic currents were identified and characterised in ventricular myocytes of the bivalve mollusc, Mytilus edulis, using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Two outward currents could be distinguished. A potassium a current (I(A)) activated at -30 mV from a holding potential of -60 mV. This transient current was inactivated by holding the cells at a potential of -40 mV and was also blocked by applying 4-aminopyridine (3 mM) to the external bath solution. A second current was identified as a delayed rectifier (I(K)). This also activated at -30 mV but exhibited a sustained time course and was still activated at a holding potential of -40 mV. Both outward currents were reduced in the presence of tetraethylammonium ions (30 mM). A small number of heart cells also showed an inward sodium current (I(Na)). This current appeared at potentials more positive than -50 mV, reached a maximum at -20 mV, and decreased with further depolarisation. I(Na) was inactivated at a holding potential of -40 mV and was blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 μM). A second inward current had a sustained time course and was not inactivated by holding the cell at a potential of -40 mV, and was also not abolished by tetrodotoxin. This current peaked at 0 mV, decreasing with further depolarisation. Furthermore, it was enhanced by the addition of barium ions (3 mM) to the bath and was blocked by external cobalt (2 mM) or nifedipine (15 μM). These findings are consistent with this being an L-type calcium current (I(Ca)). The possible physiological roles of these currents in M. edulis heart are discussed. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc.
Abstract.
1998
Atienzar F, Child P, Evenden A, Jha A, Savva D, Walker C, Depledge M (1998). Application of the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction for the detection of DNA damage.
Abstract:
Application of the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction for the detection of DNA damage
Abstract.
Lundebye AK, Depledge MH (1998). Automated interpulse duration assessment (AIDA) in the shore crab Carcinus maenas in response to copper exposure.
MARINE BIOLOGY,
130(4), 613-620.
Author URL.
Wedderburn J, Cheung V, Bamber S, Bloxham M, Depledge MH (1998). Biomarkers of biochemical and cellular stress in Carcinus maenas: an in situ field study.
Abstract:
Biomarkers of biochemical and cellular stress in Carcinus maenas: an in situ field study
Abstract.
Morrall CE, Trapido-Rosenthal HG, Knap AH, Depledge MH (1998). Development of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase as ecotoxicological biomarkers in the tropical marine environment.
Author URL.
Pedersen SN, Pedersen KL, Højrup P, Knudsen J, Depledge MH (1998). Induction and identification of cadmium-, zinc- and copper-metallothioneins in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.).
Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol,
120(2), 251-259.
Abstract:
Induction and identification of cadmium-, zinc- and copper-metallothioneins in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.).
Shore crabs Carcinus maenas were injected with either Cd, Cu or Zn to determine whether different metals could induce specific metallothionein (MT) isoforms in the midgut gland. Furthermore, the relative ability of the three metals to induce MT was quantified. Accumulation of the three metals in the midgut gland caused variable and in the case of Cd and Zn significant increases in MT levels. The increase in MT levels (pmol g-1 midgut gland) per nmol of metal accumulated was determined as 90, 60 and 4 pmol for Cd, Zn, and Cu respectively. The MT isoforms were purified using a combination of acetone precipitation, FPLC and reverse phase HPLC. In contrast to Cd and Zn induced MTs, the Cu induced MT was highly susceptible to oxidation during purification. The induced MT isoforms were characterized by N-terminal amino acid sequencing and mass-spectrometry. All three metals induced the same identical isoform MTIa.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Billinghurst Z, Clare AS, Fileman T, Mcevoy J, Readman J, Depledge MH (1998). Inhibition of barnacle settlement by the environmental oestrogen 4-nonylphenol and the natural oestrogen 17β oestradiol.
Marine Pollution Bulletin,
36(10), 833-839.
Abstract:
Inhibition of barnacle settlement by the environmental oestrogen 4-nonylphenol and the natural oestrogen 17β oestradiol
The present study examines the effect of a known environmental oestrogen, 4-nonylphenol, on the settlement of the cypris larva of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite. Cypris larvae were exposed to 4-nonylphenol in a nominal concentration range of 0.01-10.0 μg l-1. Definitive concentrations of 4-nonylphenol in the test solutions were determined by GC/MS. Cyprid settlement was reduced significantly within this concentration range, following incubation at both 25°C and 28°C for 24-48 h. A naturally occurring oestrogen, 17β oestradiol, was used as a positive control, in the concentration range 0.01-10.0 μg l-1. Larval settlement was inhibited by 17β oestradiol, but the trend was the opposite to that seen with 4-nonylphenol. No evidence of endocrine disruption was demonstrated, but significant inhibition of larval settlement by both 4-nonylphenol and 17β oestradiol indicated that the compounds may have toxic effects at environmentally realistic and naturally occurring concentrations. The potential for endocrine disruption being more significant at different developmental stages in barnacles is discussed.
Abstract.
Lundebye AK, Depledge MH (1998). Molecular and physiological responses in shore crabs Carcinus maenas following exposure to copper.
Abstract:
Molecular and physiological responses in shore crabs Carcinus maenas following exposure to copper
Abstract.
Cheung VV, Wedderburn RJ, Depledge MH (1998). Molluscan lysosomal responses as a diagnostic tool for the detection of a pollution gradient in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong.
Abstract:
Molluscan lysosomal responses as a diagnostic tool for the detection of a pollution gradient in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong
Abstract.
Conradi M, Depledge MH (1998). Population responses of the marine amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas, 1766) to copper.
Aquatic Toxicology,
44(1-2), 31-45.
Abstract:
Population responses of the marine amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas, 1766) to copper
The effects of copper concentrations on the life-history, growth and reproduction of Corophium volutator were investigated. Amphipods were exposed for 100 days to five sublethal copper concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mg l-1). Copper exposure significantly reduced the age-specific survivorship and longevity (P
Abstract.
Depledge MH (1998). Recovery of ecosystems and their components following exposure to pollution.
Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery,
6(3), 199-206.
Abstract:
Recovery of ecosystems and their components following exposure to pollution
Effective environmental management practices reduce anthropogenic chemical impacts in ecosystems and lead to the onset of recovery. Recovery proceeds at different rates and to different extents at each level of biological organisation (molecular, cellular, individual, population, community, ecosystem). Consequently, environmental assessments made at one level of organisation may not indicate the progress of recovery processes at other levels. The course of recovery of populations and communities is usually monitored using routine ecological procedures. As pollutant exposure often results in residual effects which may influence the subsequent ability of ecosystems and their components to respond to new environmental challenges, it is proposed that a more relevant strategy would be to measure biomarkers to assess recovery at the individual level and below, determine pollution induced community tolerance and analyse community composition. It is also proposed that environmental managers aim to re-establish essential and desirable features of ecosystems (important structural components and functions (nutrient cycling, biodegradation rates, etc), restore biodiversity), rather than attempting to achieve full recovery, as the latter may waste valuable resources.
Abstract.
Depledge MH (1998). The ecotoxicological significance of genotoxicity in marine invertebrates.
Mutat Res,
399(1), 109-122.
Abstract:
The ecotoxicological significance of genotoxicity in marine invertebrates.
Attention is drawn to the goals of genetic ecotoxicology, in particular, the need to relate genotoxicity in individuals to population and community level consequences. The evidence for pollutant-induced genotoxicity in marine invertebrates is reviewed. Neoplasia is apparently rare in marine invertebrates and only limited evidence is available to suggest that chemical genotoxins act as causative agents. It is unknown why marine invertebrates exhibit low tumour incidences and are much more tolerant of ionising radiation than their vertebrate counterparts. The importance of the genotoxic disease syndrome is highlighted. Disentangling phenotypic manifestations of genotoxic damage and that due to direct metabolic toxicity provides a major challenge for the future. Further work is required to assess the significance of interspecific and interindividual variability in susceptibility to genotoxicity, especially with regard to the evolution of resistant populations and communities of marine organisms at contaminated sites. Only by addressing the issues highlighted above can proper risk assessments of genotoxic agents be performed to minimise threats to human and ecosystem health.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Lewis S, May S, Donkin ME, Depledge MH (1998). The influence of copper and heatshock on the physiology and cellular stress response of Enteromorpha intestinalis.
Abstract:
The influence of copper and heatshock on the physiology and cellular stress response of Enteromorpha intestinalis
Abstract.
1997
Andersen JL, Depledge MH (1997). A survey of total mercury and methylmercury in edible fish and invertebrates from Azorean waters.
Marine Environmental Research,
44(3), 331-350.
Abstract:
A survey of total mercury and methylmercury in edible fish and invertebrates from Azorean waters
Levels of total mercury and methylmercury were determined in invertebrates and edible fish collected during 1993-1994 in Sao Miguel Island in the Azores. Among the invertebrates, the highest mean concentrations of total mercury (0.864 and 1.265 μg g-1 dry weight, respectively) were found in the gills and midgut gland of the edible crab (Cancer pagurus). The proportion of total mercury present as the methylated form in invertebrates varied widely between species, and with trophic position. Apart from white seabream (Diplodus sargus cadenati) the mean total mercury concentrations found in muscle tissues of the fish studied were generally low, ranging between 0.043 and 0.371 μg g-1 wet wt. Extreme inter-individual variability in mercury concentrations was found in white seabream of intermediate size, levels ranging between 0.132 and 24.61 μg g-1 wet wt. The particularly elevated mercury concentrations found in certain individuals of white seabream may be derived from local hot spot area(s) with raised environmental mercury levels. Methylmercury was the major form of the element accumulated in fish, comprising on average more than 80% of the total mercury. The selenium concentration in white seabream was significantly correlated to the total mercury concentration, although molar ratios of the two elements varied markedly between individual fish.
Abstract.
Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Depledge MH (1997). Changes in the tissue concentrations and contents of calcium copper and zinc in the shore crab carcinus maenas (L.) (Crustacea: Decapoda) during the moult cycle and following copper exposure during ecdysis.
Marine Environmental Research,
44(4), 397-414.
Abstract:
Changes in the tissue concentrations and contents of calcium copper and zinc in the shore crab carcinus maenas (L.) (Crustacea: Decapoda) during the moult cycle and following copper exposure during ecdysis
The tissue concentrations and contents of calcium, copper and zinc were determined at different stages in the moult cycle of the shore crab Carcinus maenas. The crabs were dissected into the following tissues: the midgut gland the gill, the 'rest tissue' (the latter defined as the left over tissue, i.e. muscles and exoskeleton), and the haemolymph, and analysed as such. One group of crabs was maintained in clean seawater. In these crabs, calcium was lost from haemolymph during premoult and apparently stored in the midgut gland. At ecdysis approximately 90% of the whole body calcium content was lost with the exuviae while the haemolymph calcium content doubled. During early postmoult calcium stored in the midgut gland was used in combination with calcium absorbed from the surrounding seawater for a rapid calcification of the new exoskeleton. Both the copper and zinc concentrations declined in the 'rest tissue' compartment during premoult. At ecdysis the haemolymph copper and zinc contents increased 35 and 86%, respectively, from premoult to the newly moult stage. At the same time, however, the copper and zinc haemolymph concentrations decreased. During postmoult, copper (25%) and zinc (45%) were lost from haemolymph and mainly excreted but a minor fraction (5-10%) was stored in the midgut gland. A second group of crabs was maintained in copper-contaminated seawater (0.1 mg l-1) during ecdysis and postmoult. Following exposure of the animals to raised ambient levels of copper, the calcium and zinc contents of the midgut gland were reduced while the copper contents of the midgut gland and most other tissues were increased in comparison to crabs held in clean seawater.
Abstract.
Attrill MJ, Depledge MH (1997). Community and population indicators of ecosystem health: Targeting links between levels of biological organisation.
Aquatic Toxicology,
38(1-3), 183-197.
Abstract:
Community and population indicators of ecosystem health: Targeting links between levels of biological organisation
Risk assessments have regularly utilised analysis at the community level as a tool for determining the health of an aquatic system. Using relevant examples, the pros and cons of community level investigation are reviewed, highlighting both the recent advances employing coarse levels of taxonomic identity and the suitability of fish communities for such analyses. Community structure, however, is merely an expression of variation in the populations of the constituent species and the response of these populations to environmental stress. In turn, the maintenance of populations is dictated by the input of individuals within that population in terms of growth (biomass) and reproductive output (persistence), parameters which can provide useful information on the health of a system. It is therefore important to explore the mechanisms linking the different levels of biological organisation to understand how individual toxicological responses may be expressed at the community level and conversely what mechanisms are producing observed community structures in stressed systems. This also has consequences in terms of risk assessment, determining which level of organisation provides the most sensitive and robust method of assessing environmental health.
Abstract.
Lundebye AK, Curtis TM, Braven J, Depledge MH (1997). Effects of the organophosphorous pesticide, dimethoate, on cardiac and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the shore crab Carcinus maenas.
Aquatic Toxicology,
40(1), 23-36.
Abstract:
Effects of the organophosphorous pesticide, dimethoate, on cardiac and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the shore crab Carcinus maenas
The potential use of biochemical and physiological responses as biomarkers of organophosphate exposure and/or effect were assessed in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas). Male crabs were assigned to one of four dimethoate treatments (0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg l-1). Cardiac activity was measured non-invasively before and during dimethoate exposure using automated interpulse duration assessment. Heart rates decreased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Serial measurements of acetylcholinesterase activity in haemolymph samples taken from crabs before and after exposure indicated that 2 mg l-1 dimethoate also significantly reduced acetylcholinesterase activity (p < 0.05). The percentage inhibition in acetylcholinesterase activity was correlated with the percentage reduction in heart rate following dimethoate exposure (r = 0.55, p < 0.01). This suggests that organophosphates may directly effect neuronal control of the heart. The experiments indicate that non-destructive, serial measurements of cardiac activity and acetylcholinesterase activity are valuable biomarkers of organophosphate exposure and adverse effects.
Abstract.
Bamber SD, Depledge MH (1997). Evaluation of changes in the adaptive physiology of shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) as an indicator of pollution in estuarine environments.
Marine Biology,
129(4), 667-672.
Abstract:
Evaluation of changes in the adaptive physiology of shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) as an indicator of pollution in estuarine environments
The major objective of this study was to determine whether there were significant differences in the physiological responses of shore crabs (Carcinus maenas L.) sampled from environments with varying degrees of contamination. Crabs collected from a range of sites were subjected to a standardised, environmentally realistic sequence of physiological challenges in the laboratory to determine if such measures would prove sensitive enough to differentiate among the sites. Heart-rate changes and osmoregulatory ability were measured. The results indicated that changes in osmoregulatory ability were sufficiently sensitive to detect differences in environmental contamination. The utility of physiological measurements in environmental monitoring is discussed.
Abstract.
Cordi B, Depledge MH, Price DN, Salter LF, Donkin ME (1997). Evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence, in vivo spectrophotometric pigment absorption and ion leakage as biomarkers of UV-B exposure in marine macroalgae.
Marine Biology,
130(1), 41-49.
Abstract:
Evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence, in vivo spectrophotometric pigment absorption and ion leakage as biomarkers of UV-B exposure in marine macroalgae
The photosynthetic fluorescence ratio F(v):F(m), in vivo absorption spectra and ion leakage were evaluated as biomarkers of ambient and elevated UV-B (280 to 320 nm) exposure of the intertidal alga Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta) and the sublittoral alga Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta). Measurements of thallus growth were also used to assess adverse biological effects. Ambient and elevated UV-B significantly inhibited photosynthesis in both species. It was shown that the F(v):F(m) ratio is a sensitive, non-specific general biomarker of UV-B exposure in both species. Moreover, the in vivo absorption of what was tentatively identified as chlorophylls a and b as well as phycoerythrin and/or carotenoids, phycoerythrobilin and phycocyanin decreased in a dose-response dependent manner and was associated with a decrease in growth rate in P. palmata. The intertidal alga E. intestinalis showed a greater degree of tolerance to UV-B exposure. These results indicate that changes in the F(v):F(m) ratio together with reductions in in vivo pigment absorption could provide an early quantitative warning of the detrimental effects of UV-B in marine macroalgae.
Abstract.
Pedersen SN, Lundebye AK, Depledge MH (1997). Field application of metallothionein and stress protein biomarkers in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) exposed to trace metals.
Aquatic Toxicology,
37(2-3), 183-200.
Abstract:
Field application of metallothionein and stress protein biomarkers in the shore crab (Carcinus maenas) exposed to trace metals
A field study was conducted to assess the potential use of metallothionein (MT) and stress proteins (stress-70) as biomarkers of trace metal exposure and adverse effects. Shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) were collected from five sites: three located in the metal-contaminated Fal Estuary and two control sites located in estuaries along the Devon coast (Southwest England). MT concentrations were determined using either a direct method in which MT was quantified by spectrophotometric measurement of SH content, or an indirect method in which MT concentrations were estimated by measuring copper and zinc bound to partially purified MT. The two techniques yielded similar results. Stress protein levels (stress-70) were determined in crab gills using an improved western blotting procedure. Midgut gland copper concentrations were elevated (compared to values in controls) in crabs from the Fal Estuary. No differences in midgut gland zinc concentrations were evident in crabs collected from the five sites. Copper MT concentrations in midgut gland were elevated in crabs from the metal-contaminated Fal Estuary (compared to concentrations in crabs from other sites). However, differences in metal contamination among sites within the Fal Estuary were revealed only when the ratio of cytosolic zinc to copper was examined. Both copper and zinc concentrations in gill tissue reflected the trends in metal contamination in the underlying sediment. Similarly, both copper and zinc MT concentrations measured in gills reflected the copper and zinc exposure gradients. In contrast, stress-70 levels in gills did not appear to correlate with the degree of trace metal exposure. The findings are discussed with regard to the interpretation and potential use of biomarker responses as tools for use in ecological impact assessments.
Abstract.
Evenden AJ, Depledge MH (1997). Genetic susceptibility in ecosystems: the challenge for ecotoxicology.
Environ Health Perspect,
105 Suppl 4, 849-854.
Abstract:
Genetic susceptibility in ecosystems: the challenge for ecotoxicology.
Environmental management is inevitably complicated by the large variation in susceptibility to chemical toxicity exhibited by the living components of ecosystems, a significant proportion of which is determined by genetic factors. This paper examines the concept of genetic susceptibility in ecosystems and suggests the existence of two distinct forms reflecting genetic changes at the level of the individual and at the level of population and community. The influence of genetic susceptibility on exposure-response curves is discussed and the consequent accuracy of data used for toxicity test-based risk assessments examined. The paper concludes by describing a possible biomarker-based approach to future studies of susceptibility in ecosystems, suggesting the use of modern molecular genetic methods.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Bloxham MJ, Depledge MH, Worsfold PJ (1997). In situ flow-Injection monitoring of ammonia in landfill leachate.
Laboratory Robotics and Automation,
9(4), 175-183.
Abstract:
In situ flow-Injection monitoring of ammonia in landfill leachate
Aportable, 12 Vbattery-powered,automated spectrophotometric field monitor has been developed that permits the continuous long-term recording of the total ammonia concentration in the surrounding aquatic environment. The flow-injection (FI)-based monitor incorporates a gas diffusion unit and an acceptor stream containing an acid-base indicator. The detection system utilizes a red solid-state light-emitting diode source and photodiode detector. Remote control and data processing are achieved by an inhouse-designed microcomputer system. The instrumentation was fully evaluated in the laboratory and was shown to operate unattended for periods of up to 1 week (analyzing every hour) before battery charging and reagent replacement were required. The precision and accuracy of the chemical monitor was examined by continuously analyzing a sample of a known ammonia concentration (80.0 mg L-1 NH3-N) at 60 minute intervals over a 7 day period (n = 170). The calculated mean concentration was 79.0 mg L-1 (using 50 and 150 mg L-1 standards) with an RSD of 5.2%. The detection limit (3σ) was determined as 2.5 mg L-1. The feasibility of using the system in situ was demonstrated by a 2 week field trial in which the automated field monitor was successfully deployed at a landfill leachate lagoon. Data from the trial are presented, and the potential applications of the system in environmental management are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Abstract.
Casini S, Depledge MH (1997). Influence of copper, zinc, and iron on cadmium accumulation in the Talitrid amphipod, Platorchestia platensis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59(3), 500-506.
Curtis TM, Williamson R, Depledge MH (1997). Ionic currents in ventricular myocytes of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON,
504P, P12-P12.
Author URL.
Cobb CS, Curtis TM, Williamson R, Depledge MH (1997). Non-invasive recording of embryo activity in the egg of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis.
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON,
504P, P3-P3.
Author URL.
Hebel DK, Jones MB, Depledge MH (1997). Responses of crustaceans to contaminant exposure: a holistic approach.
Abstract:
Responses of crustaceans to contaminant exposure: a holistic approach
Abstract.
Bamber SD, Depledge MH (1997). Responses of shore crabs to physiological challenges following exposure to selected environmental contaminants.
Aquatic Toxicology,
40(1), 79-92.
Abstract:
Responses of shore crabs to physiological challenges following exposure to selected environmental contaminants
The major objective of this study was to determine whether sub-lethal effects of contaminant exposure could be detected in crabs subjected to standardised, environmentally realistic physiological challenges in the laboratory. Heart rate changes, associated with transition from rest to physical exercise, together with osmoregulatory ability were assessed and used as measures of the physiological competence of crabs following exposure to various concentrations of copper, arsenite and benzo[a]pryrene (B[a]P). Increasing concentrations of copper caused a corresponding increase in the heart rate of both resting crabs and crabs subjected to physical stress, suggesting an impairment to one or more of the processes associated with normal respiratory functioning. Furthermore, exposure of crabs to copper was clearly detrimental to osmoregulatory ability, with a concentration of 0.1 mg l-1 sufficient to cause greater reduction in haemolymph osmolality than that recorded for control animals exposed to similar low salinity conditions. The mean heart rate of crabs exposed to increasing concentrations of arsenite decreased under both rest and stress conditions, suggesting an impairment to one or more of the control processes associated with cardiac physiology. Arsenite appeared to have little impact on the osmoregulatory ability of crabs, even at a concentration of 1 mg l-1. No significant impairment of either cardiac performance or osmoregulatory capability was observed in crabs exposed to relatively high doses of B[a]P, leading to the conclusion that acute exposure to B[a]P poses little immediate toxic threat to the physiological processes controlling heart rate and osmoregulation in adult shore crabs.
Abstract.
Abelló P, Aagaard A, Warman CG, Depledge MH (1997). Spatial variability in the population structure of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Brachyura) in a shallow-water, weakly tidal fjord.
Marine Ecology Progress Series,
147(1-3), 97-103.
Abstract:
Spatial variability in the population structure of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Brachyura) in a shallow-water, weakly tidal fjord
The spatial variability in population structure of the shore crab Carcinus maenas was studied in a shallow-water fjord in the island of Fyn, Denmark. The fjord comprises an enclosed area which is geomorphologically divided into a shallow cove (mean depth 2 m), known as Kertinge Nor, and a deeper narrow area, closer to the open sea, known as Kerteminde Fjord Tidal range is small (ca 20 cm). Sex-ratio favoured males at most of the sites sampled with the exception of the inland slope between the shallow Kertinge Nor and the deeper Kerteminde Fjord, which apparently was a spawning site. Crab densities were much higher in Kerteminde Fjord than in the shallower Kertinge Nor. Ventral carapace colour varied between green and orange-red, with the proportion of the green morphotype increasing with increasing distance from the open sea. Analysis of the population size structure identified 3 differentiated areas for both male and female crabs. Sites closer to the mouth of the fjord were characterized by a numerical dominance of small crabs, whereas crabs in Kertinge Nor were clearly of a much larger size. Sites in Kerteminde Fjord were characterized by a wider range of sizes. Some crabs in Kerteminde Fjord carried epibionts on the carapace, but those were absent in crabs from Kertinge Nor; moreover, a few crabs in Kertinge Nor carried Mytilus edulis byssus threads indicating that epibionts had fallen from the carapaces. Thus, population structure characteristics, such as colour morphotype proportions, size structure and occurrence of epibionts, are in accordance with the occurrence of a high degree of environmental variability in the area decreasing towards the mouth of the fjord and the open sea.
Abstract.
Lundebye AK, Langston WJ, Depledge MH (1997). Stress proteins and condition index as biomarkers of tributyltin exposure and effect in mussels.
Ecotoxicology,
6(3), 127-136.
Abstract:
Stress proteins and condition index as biomarkers of tributyltin exposure and effect in mussels
Organotin concentrations (TBT and DBT) were determined in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from five sites around the island of Fyn, Denmark. The relative stress protein levels were measured in gill tissue and four condition indices (CIs) were calculated for each individual mussel. The stress-70 levels did not vary significantly between sites, whereas the chaperonin levels (stress-60) were significantly elevated in mussels from Odense Fjord (p < 0.001). The stress protein levels did not reflect the degree of TBT or Σ TBT + DBT contamination of mussel tissues. The TBT and DBT concentrations (expressed as tin) in mussels from the five sites were in the ranges 0.15-2.17 and 0.1-4.2 μg Sn per g dry weight, respectively. The combined TBT + DBT values were in the range 0.32-4.92 μg Sn per g dry weight. None of the CIs measured differed significantly with respect to the sampling site, nor were they correlated with the relative stress protein levels. The four CIs were highly consistent within individual animals. The soft tissue dry weight/total weight - shell weight condition index proved to be the easiest to measure. This preliminary study indicates that interpretation of stress protein biomarker responses requires further detailed elucidation before they can be usefully incorporated in routine environmental monitoring programmes.
Abstract.
Cordi B, Fossi C, Depledge M (1997). Temporal biomarker responses in wild passerine birds exposed to pesticide spray drift.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
16(10), 2118-2124.
Abstract:
Temporal biomarker responses in wild passerine birds exposed to pesticide spray drift
A field study was conducted to assess the degree of exposure experienced by nestling and adult great tits, (Parus major) to spray drift of pirimicarb and dimethoate. Nondestructive assays of serum esterases, serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carboxylesterase (CbE) were used as exposure biomarkers and measurements of weight gain and survival were made to assess adverse biological effects. Nest boxes were placed in hedgerows bordering fields sprayed with pesticides (either pirimicarb or dimethoate). One hedge was sprayed directly with pirimicarb to simulate maximum drift effect. Two hedges were left untreated to serve as control areas. The concentrations of the two insecticides were within the recommended dose for cereals. Significant inhibition of BChE activity was detected within 24 h in adult birds exposed to drift of dimethoate and in adult birds from the hedge sprayed directly with pirimicarb. Highly significant correlations were found between the weight of unexposed nestlings and BChE and CbE activity, indicating that a developmental increase in enzyme activities is correlated with the growth rate of the nestlings. Inhibition in nestling BChE activity was found in all treated hedges after 24 h. A tendency of reduced weight gain was found in nestlings both between 0 to 24 h and 24 to 48 h after treatment in all the treated hedges compared to nestlings from the control hedge (p > 0.07). These results indicate the potential of pesticide drift to reduce growth rate and survival of juvenile wild passerine birds.
Abstract.
1996
Depledge MH, Lundebye AK, Curtis T, Aagaard A, Andersen BB (1996). Automated Interpulse-Duration Assessment (AIDA): a new technique for detecting disturbances in cardiac activity in selected macroinvertebrates.
Marine Biology,
126(2), 313-319.
Abstract:
Automated Interpulse-Duration Assessment (AIDA): a new technique for detecting disturbances in cardiac activity in selected macroinvertebrates
An Automated Interpulse Duration Assessment system (AIDA) is described which permits detection of irregularities in cardiac rhythms in selected invertebrates. The sensitivity of AIDA was demonstrated by its ability to detect handling stress in mussels (Mytilus edulis) that was not evident when measuring heart rate alone. Changes in cardiac activity patterns of crabs (Carcinus maenas) held in the laboratory for up to 10 wk was also examined using the new technique. The frequency distribution of interpulse duration changed significantly as the nutritional state changed. Potential applications of the AIDA system are discussed.
Abstract.
Fossi MC, Lari L, Casini S, Mattei N, Savelli C, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Castellani S, Depledge M, Bamber S, Walker C, et al (1996). Biochemical and genotoxic biomarkers in the Mediterranean crab Carcinus aestuarii experimentally exposed to polychlorobiphenyls, benzopyrene and methyl-mercury.
Abstract:
Biochemical and genotoxic biomarkers in the Mediterranean crab Carcinus aestuarii experimentally exposed to polychlorobiphenyls, benzopyrene and methyl-mercury
Abstract.
Styrishave B, Depledge MR (1996). Evaluation of mercury-induced changes in circadian heart rate rhythms in the freshwater crab, Potamon potamios and the crayfish, Astacus astacus as an early predictor of mortality.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - a Physiology,
115(4), 349-356.
Abstract:
Evaluation of mercury-induced changes in circadian heart rate rhythms in the freshwater crab, Potamon potamios and the crayfish, Astacus astacus as an early predictor of mortality
The influence of mercury on the expression of circadian rhythmicity in heart rate was investigated in the freshwater crab, Potamon potamios and the crayfish, Astacus astacus. This was made possible by the use of an on-line, computer-aided physiological monitoring (CAPMON) system. The effects of Hg2+ on light driven (12:12 hr light:dark regimen) circadian rhythmicity in heart rate were examined. In both Potamon potamios and Astacus astacus, exposure to HgCl2 was almost invariably associated with increased heart rate during daytime to levels similar to those at night. Rhythmicity was lost and death ensued in the following hours or days. This response was largely independent of exposure time and mercury concentrations. In those individuals that survived mercury exposure little or no change in the degree of circadian rhythmicity in heart rate was detected. Thus, loss in circadian rhythmicity of heart rate can be utilised as an early indicator for mercury toxicity.
Abstract.
Depledge MH (1996). Genetic ecotoxicology: an overview.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,
200(1-2), 57-66.
Abstract:
Genetic ecotoxicology: an overview
The techniques currently available for detecting genotoxin exposure are briefly described and evaluated with regard to the goals of genetic ecotoxicology. The occurrence and significance of genotoxin-induced neoplasia in marine organisms is described. Although there are numerous examples of hotspots where tumour incidences in fish and shellfish have been correlated with raised concentrations of anthropogenic chemicals, causal mechanisms are seldom established. Insufficient information is available to gauge the seriousness of genotoxicity for marine organisms on regional or global scales. The possibility of using marine organisms as sentinels to provide early warning of potential threats to Man is examined. Recognition of the genotoxic disease syndrome in lower animals highlights the need to explore the relationships between DNA damage (adduct formation, gene mutations, etc.) and its phenotypic consequences. Within a given population, not all individuals are equally susceptible to pollutant toxicity (including genotoxicity). The potential for using similarities in phenotypic traits to recognise subsets of individuals within populations possessing similar genotypes is discussed. Changes in heterozygosity and the evolution of genetically resistant populations following exposure to pollution are evaluated in the context of genetic ecotoxicology. Risk assessment procedures are required which enable genotoxin exposure to be related to specific consequences at the community and ecosystem levels. This necessitates both a sound scientific understanding of the mechanisms involved and the development of pragmatic ecotoxicological tools that can be employed by environmental managers.
Abstract.
Gray JS, Depledge M, Knap A (1996). Global climate controversy.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION,
276(5), 372-373.
Author URL.
Moore MN, Wedderburn RJ, Lowe DM, Depledge MH (1996). Lysosomal reaction to xenobiotics in mussel hemocytes using BODIPY-FL-verapamil.
Abstract:
Lysosomal reaction to xenobiotics in mussel hemocytes using BODIPY-FL-verapamil
Abstract.
Fossi MC, Casini S, Savelli C, Lari L, Corsi I, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Mattei N, Franchi E, Depledge M, Bamber S, et al (1996). Multi-trial biomarker approach using Carcinus aestuarii to evaluate toxicological risk due to Mediterranean contaminants: Field and experimental studies.
Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,
5(11-12), 706-711.
Abstract:
Multi-trial biomarker approach using Carcinus aestuarii to evaluate toxicological risk due to Mediterranean contaminants: Field and experimental studies
The aim of this study was to test and validate a multi-trial biomarker approach for the evaluation of toxicological risk due to the main contaminants in the Mediterranean sea (PCBs, PAHs, Hg) by using a crab Carcinus aestuarii as bioindicator organism in field and experimental studies. Three different experiment, the first two in the laboratory and the third in the field were performed.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Lundebye AK (1996). Physiological monitoring of contaminant effects in individual rock crabs, Hemigrapsus edwardsi: the ecotoxicological significance of variability in response.
Abstract:
Physiological monitoring of contaminant effects in individual rock crabs, Hemigrapsus edwardsi: the ecotoxicological significance of variability in response
Abstract.
Møller V, Forbes VE, Depledge MH (1996). Population responses to acute and chronic cadmium exposure in sexual and asexual estuarine gastropods.
Ecotoxicology,
5(5), 313-326.
Abstract:
Population responses to acute and chronic cadmium exposure in sexual and asexual estuarine gastropods
The acute lethal and chronic sublethal responses of sexual (Hydrobia ventrosa) and asexual (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) gastropod populations to cadmium exposure were examined. Three questions were addressed: (i) are there differences in responses of sexual and asexual populations; (ii) are the response patterns similar in lethal and sublethal exposure conditions; and (iii) how does preexposure to cadmium influence these responses. No differences between the two species in mean acute tolerance (LC50) could be detected, but a significant difference was found between the slopes of the concentration-response curves. The steeper slope for P. antipodarium indicated a more uniform response for the asexual species than for H. ventrosa. In the sublethal experiment there was a significant difference in mean growth rate where, in general, P. antipodarum grew faster than H. ventrosa. P. antipodarum was more affected by cadmium at the low cadmium exposure, whereas growth rates were reduced equally for the two species at the high cadmium concentration. Pre-exposure to cadmium did not increase the tolerance to chronic exposure in either of the species, but P. antipodarum exhibited a tendency toward increased tolerance to acute cadmium stress after pre-exposure. The results show that there are differences between these closely related sexual and asexual species in response to cadmium, and that these differences are more pronounced under chronic sublethal exposure conditions.
Abstract.
Pedersen SN, Pedersen KL, Højrup P, Depledge MH, Knudsen J (1996). Primary structures of decapod crustacean metallothioneins with special emphasis on freshwater and semi-terrestrial species.
Biochem J,
319 ( Pt 3), 999-1003.
Abstract:
Primary structures of decapod crustacean metallothioneins with special emphasis on freshwater and semi-terrestrial species.
Cadmium injections induced only a single form of metallothionein (MT) in the midgut gland of Potamon potamios, whereas the same treatment induced two isoforms in Astacus astacus. The only difference between the two latter isoforms was that one had an extra N-terminal methionine residue. MT from P. potamios showed structural differences from other decapod crustacean MTs. It contained a Gly-Thr motif at positions 8 and 8a, which had previously been found only in certain vertebrate and molluscan MTs. Furthermore P. potamios MT contained two to three times as many glutamic acid residues as normally found in decapod crustacean MT. The primary structure of MT from the freshwater crayfish A. astacus showed a high degree of sequence identity with MT from other decapod crustaceans, especially the marine astacidean Homarus americanus, although two valine residues were unexpectedly found at positions 8 and 21, where lysine residues are normally found.
Abstract.
Author URL.
1995
Hansen IV, Weeks JM, Depledge MH (1995). Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium by the marine sponge Halichondria panicea Pallas and the implications for biomonitoring.
Abstract:
Accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium by the marine sponge Halichondria panicea Pallas and the implications for biomonitoring
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Aagaard A, Györkös P (1995). Assessment of trace metal toxicity using molecular, physiological and behavioural biomarkers.
Abstract:
Assessment of trace metal toxicity using molecular, physiological and behavioural biomarkers
Abstract.
Lowe DM, Fossato VU, Depledge MH (1995). Contaminant-induced lysosomal membrane damage in blood cells of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Venice Lagoon: an in vitro study.
Marine Ecology Progress Series,
129(1-3), 189-196.
Abstract:
Contaminant-induced lysosomal membrane damage in blood cells of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Venice Lagoon: an in vitro study
Retention of the cationic probe neutral red within the lysosomal compartment over time was used as a measure of damage to the lysosomal membrane. Multi-stepwise regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between altered cellular physiology and total body burdens of contaminants. Organochlorines, mercury and cobalt were the principle factors involved in evoking pathological responses. -from Authors
Abstract.
Aagaard A, Warman CG, Depledge MH, Naylor E (1995). Dissociation of Heart Rate and Locomotor Activity During the Expression of Rhythmic Behaviour in the Shore Crab Carcinus Maenas.
Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology,
26(1), 1-10.
Abstract:
Dissociation of Heart Rate and Locomotor Activity During the Expression of Rhythmic Behaviour in the Shore Crab Carcinus Maenas
Expression of endogenous rhythms in heart rate and locomotor activity were examined in male Carcinus maenas (Brachyura, Crustacea). Heart rate was monitored in immobilised and free moving crabs using a non-invasive, infrared transducer system. Temporal relations between changes in heart rate and alterations in locomotor activity were investigated using a computer-aided video system to track movements of crabs whilst simultaneously monitoring cardiac activity. Mean heart rates of immobilised and free moving crabs were 63.9 ±23.7 beats per minute and 44.3 ± 13.4 beats per minute respectively. Endogenous circatidal rhythms in heart rate were detected in both immobilised and free moving individuals. Highest heart rates occurred at expected high tide times. A circadian heart rate rhythm was also evident with highest rates occurring during the hours of darkness. Some crabs, however, failed to express endogenous rhythms. When crabs became active, heart rate usually increased during the following 60 seconds. In some cases, however, heart rate increased 1-3 minutes prior to the initiation of locomotor activity. The findings are discussed with regard to the behaviour of C. maenas in the field. © 1995, Taylor & Francis Group. All right reserved.
Abstract.
FORBES VE, MOLLER V, DEPLEDGE MH (1995). INTRAPOPULATION VARIABILITY IN SUBLETHAL RESPONSE TO HEAVY-METAL STRESS IN SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL GASTROPOD POPULATIONS.
FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY,
9(3), 477-484.
Author URL.
Lundebye AK, Vedel GR, Krogsdam Christensen AM, Kristiansen K, Hunter D, Depledge MH (1995). Improved quantification of stress proteins by western blotting.
Analytica Chimica Acta,
311(1), 109-114.
Abstract:
Improved quantification of stress proteins by western blotting
An improved method for the semi-quantification of stress protein biomarkers by western blotting is described. The construction of a calibration curve on each gel (using a standard) to calculate relative stress protein levels improved reproducibility of results both within and among blots. Variability in relative stress protein levels of replicate samples run on separate gels was reduced from ca. 24% to 13% when related to a calibration curve rather than being based on direct comparison of absorbance units. Within blot variability was reduced from 5.2-11.7% to 3.4-6.8% by calibrating stress-70 levels. The potential significance of this methodological development is discussed with regard to the literature. © 1995.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Hopkin SP (1995). Methods to assess effects on brackish, estuarine, and near-coastal water organisms.
Author URL.
Vedel GR, Depledge MH (1995). Stress-70 levels in the gills of Carcinus maenas exposed to copper.
Abstract:
Stress-70 levels in the gills of Carcinus maenas exposed to copper
Abstract.
Rasmussen AD, Krag A, Bjerregaard P, Weeks JM, Depledge MH (1995). The effects of trace metals on the apparent water permeability of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) and the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (L.).
Abstract:
The effects of trace metals on the apparent water permeability of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) and the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (L.)
Abstract.
Styrishave B, Rasmussen AD, Depledge MH (1995). The influence of bulk and trace metals on the circadian rhythm of heart rates in freshwater crayfish, Astacus astacus.
Abstract:
The influence of bulk and trace metals on the circadian rhythm of heart rates in freshwater crayfish, Astacus astacus
Abstract.
Aagaard A, Warman CG, Depledge MH (1995). Tidal and seasonal changes in the temporal and spatial distribution of foraging Carcinus maenas in the weakly tidal littoral zone of Kerteminde Fjord, Denmark. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 122(1-3), 165-172.
1994
Kure LK, Depledge MH (1994). Accumulation of organotin in Littorina littorea and Mya arenaria from Danish coastal waters.
Environ Pollut,
84(2), 149-157.
Abstract:
Accumulation of organotin in Littorina littorea and Mya arenaria from Danish coastal waters.
Organotin concentrations were determined in seawater, sediment and selected molluscs collected from the vicinity of the island of Fyn, Denmark. The extent of organotin contamination varied with the proximity of sampling sites to marinas and commercial shipping activities. Seasonal reductions in environmental TBT concentrations coincided with removal of pleasure craft from marinas during the winter season. At marina sites, concentration factors for TBT were 150-1500 for sediment and 500-10,000 for Littorina littorea (compared with seawater concentrations). Away from marina sites, Mya arenaria concentrated TBT by a factor of 57,000 to 220,000. The concentrations of TBT in M. arenaria from relatively clean sites were more than 10 times higher than found in L. littorea from heavily polluted marinas. M. arenaria were absent from marina sites and their immediate surroundings. of the total organotin found in M. arenaria throughout the year, 80-90% was in the form of TBT. In contrast, in L. littorea approximately 60-70% of the total organotin was present as TBT in spring, but this proportion fell to 20-40% during autumn and winter. M. arenaria shows potential as a bioindicator organism of TBT pollution as it appears to have a very limited ability to metabolise and eliminate TBT, yet can tolerate quite high levels of TBT exposure. L. littorea might be used as a bioindicator of short-term fluctuations in TBT concentrations at heavily polluted sites. It is concluded that continued presence of TBT in the Danish coastal ecosystem may still pose an ecotoxicological threat.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Andersen JL, Depledge MH (1994). Arsenic accumulation in the shore crab Carcinus maenas: the influence of nutritional state, sex and exposure concentration.
Marine Biology,
118(2), 285-292.
Abstract:
Arsenic accumulation in the shore crab Carcinus maenas: the influence of nutritional state, sex and exposure concentration
The accumulation of arsenate from seawater by the shore crab Carcinus maenas L. (collected from Odense Fjord, Denmark in 1991 and from Restronguet Creek, UK in 1991) was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. A field study was also carried out to determine the effects of raised environmental arsenic concentrations on intra-organismal distribution and tissue concentrations. Studies on the influence of nutritional state and sex on accumulation of As(5) from seawater indicated that most of the arsenic taken up from seawater in laboratory experiments was retained in the gills and the midgut gland. Arsenic accumulation exhibited sex-dependent differences which were also evident in correlation analyses carried out between total lipid contents and total arsenic contents of midgut glands of individual crabs. Arsenic concentrations in the gonads of both sexes were strongly influenced by the nutritional state of the crabs. Elevated arsenic concentrations in seawater and food at an arsenic polluted site (Restronguet Creek) significantly influenced arsenic concentrations and distribution among the tissues of C. maenas. Arsenic concentrations and distribution patterns differed markedly from those crabs from an unpolluted site in Odense Fjord. The gills of the crabs from Restronguet Creek contained extremely high arsenic concentrations ranging from 179 to 483 μg As g-1 dry wt. These values were even higher than those measured in the gills of Odense crabs that had been exposed to 3 mgl-1 As(5) for 2 wk in the laboratory. Arsenic concentrations in the exoskeleton of Odense Fjord crabs were 15 times lower than those measured in exoskeletons of Restronguet Creek crabs. Approximately 69% of the total body burden of arsenic was located in muscle tissue of crabs from Odense Fjord, whereas the major pool of arsenic (46%) in Restronguet Creek crabs was located in the exoskeleton. © 1994 Springer-Verlag.
Abstract.
Bjerregaard P, Depledge MH (1994). Cadmium accumulation in Littorina littorea, Mytilus edulis and Carcinus maenas: the influence of salinity and calcium ion concentrations.
Marine Biology,
119(3), 385-395.
Abstract:
Cadmium accumulation in Littorina littorea, Mytilus edulis and Carcinus maenas: the influence of salinity and calcium ion concentrations
Accumulation of waterborne cadmium in Littorina littorea, Mytilus edulis and Carcinus maenas (collected in 1988 and 1989 around the island of Funen, Denmark) was investigated in a matrix of salinities (10 to 30‰) and calcium concentrations (2.9 to 8.9 m M Ca++). Cadmium accumulation rates in soft parts of L. littorina, soft parts and shells of M. edulis and whole bodies and exoskeletons of C. maenas decreased with increasing salinity. Changes in the calcium concentrations accounted for 72% of the 'salinity effect' on cadmium accumulation rates in L. littorina, whereas calcium concentrations had little or no effect on cadmium accumulation in M. edulis. Cadmium accumulation in the whole body of C. maenas was affected equally by calcium concentrations and total salinity, whereas accumulation in the exoskeleton was mainly affected by changes in total salinity. Individual variability in cadmium accumulation in the organs of C. maenas was greater than the variation attributable either to changes in ambient calcium concentrations or total salinity. An appreciable amount of the inter-individual variability in the cadmium accumulation in all three species was correlated with wet:dry weight ratios of the tissues and size of the organisms. © 1994 Springer-Verlag.
Abstract.
BADEN SP, DEPLEDGE MH, HAGERMAN L (1994). GLYCOGEN DEPLETION AND ALTERED COPPER AND MANGANESE HANDLING IN NEPHROPS-NORVEGICUS FOLLOWING STARVATION AND EXPOSURE TO HYPOXIA.
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES,
103(1-2), 65-72.
Author URL.
Anderson S, Sadinski W, Shugart L, Brussard P, Depledge M, Ford T, Hose J, Stegeman J, Suk W, Wirgin I, et al (1994). Genetic and molecular ecotoxicology: a research framework.
Environ Health Perspect,
102 Suppl 12, 3-8.
Abstract:
Genetic and molecular ecotoxicology: a research framework.
Participants at the Napa Conference on Genetic and Molecular Ecotoxicology assessed the status of this field in light of heightened concerns about the genetic effects of exposure to hazardous substances and recent advancements in our capabilities to measure those effects. We present here a synthesis of the ideas discussed throughout the conference, including definitions of important concepts in the field and critical research needs and opportunities. While there were many opinions expressed on these topics, there was general agreement that there are substantive new opportunities to improve the impact of genetic and molecular ecotoxicology on prediction of sublethal effects of exposure to hazardous substances. Future studies should emphasize integration of genetic ecotoxicology, ecological genetics, and molecular biology and should be directed toward improving our understanding of the ecological implications of genotoxic responses. Ecological implications may be assessed at either the population or ecosystem level; however, a population-level focus may be most pragmatic. Recent technical advancements in measuring genetic and molecular responses to toxicant exposure will spur rapid progress. These new techniques have considerable promise for increasing our understanding of both mechanisms of toxicity on genes or gene products and the relevance of detrimental effects to individual fitness.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Depledge MH (1994). Genotypic toxicity: implications for individuals and populations.
Environ Health Perspect,
102 Suppl 12, 101-104.
Abstract:
Genotypic toxicity: implications for individuals and populations.
The goals of genetic ecotoxicology are discussed and redefined. New directions in which genotoxicity "effect" studies might be pursued are outlined. Recognition of the genotoxic disease syndrome in lower animals suggests that more attention should be given to exploring the relationships between DNA damage (adduct formation, gene mutations, etc.) and its manifestation at the level of individuals. Within a given population, not all individuals are equally susceptible to pollutant toxicity (including genotoxicity). It is proposed therefore, that more attention be paid to identifying the factors underlying interindividual variability in susceptibility. Examples are provided of specific cases in which differences in susceptibility to pollutants have been directly related to genotypic predisposition. This approach is also advocated for investigating the individual and population level consequences of genotoxic damage. The possibility of using phenotypic traits to recognise subsets of individuals within populations possessing similar genotypes is discussed.
Abstract.
Author URL.
FORBES TL, FORBES VE, DEPLEDGE MH (1994). INDIVIDUAL PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL HYPOXIA AND ORGANIC ENRICHMENT - IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY SOFT-BOTTOM COMMUNITY SUCCESSION.
JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH,
52(6), 1081-1100.
Author URL.
Møller V, Forbes VE, Depledg MH (1994). Influence of acclimation and exposure temperature on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (hydrobiidae).
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
13(9), 1519-1524.
Abstract:
Influence of acclimation and exposure temperature on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (hydrobiidae)
Forty‐eight‐hour acute toxicity tests were performed to determine the influence of acclimation temperature (5, 15, and 20°C) and exposure temperature (5, 15, and 20°C) on the toxicity of cadmium to the freshwater gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Mortality varied with cadmium concentration and treatment conditions, but did not conform to conventional sigmoid concentration‐response (i.e. dose‐response) relationships. Because the shapes of the concentration‐response curves were treatment dependent, a nontraditional approach for data analysis was employed. Regardless of acclimation temperature, mortality increased with increasing exposure temperature, and at all exposure temperatures snails acclimated at 15°C were most susceptible to cadmium toxicity. Estimated LC50 values were within 1 to 4 mg Cd/L. Although the shapes of the concentration‐response curves were different for each treatment, the slopes were generally quite steep, indicating a uniform response for the whole population. At a given Cd concentration, acclimation temperature and exposure temperature accounted for 57 and 40%, respectively, of the variation in mortality, and LC50s changed by a factor of four. The results indicate that changes in environmental variables can alter both the degree of response and the response distribution of a population, and that past as well as prevailing environmental conditions can influence organismic responses to toxicants. Copyright © 1994 SETAC
Abstract.
Pedersen KL, Pedersen SN, Højrup P, Andersen JS, Roepstorff P, Knudsen J, Depledge MH (1994). Purification and characterization of a cadmium-induced metallothionein from the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.).
Biochem J,
297 ( Pt 3), 609-614.
Abstract:
Purification and characterization of a cadmium-induced metallothionein from the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.).
Two metallothionein variants were purified from the midgut gland of crabs (Carcinus maenas) exposed to a high cadmium concentration (2 p.p.m.). One of the variants was purified from crabs exposed to a low cadmium concentration (0.5 p.p.m.). The purification method involved acetone precipitation, gel filtration and reversed-phase h.p.l.c. The complete amino acid sequences of both variants have been elucidated by m.s. and automated sequence analysis on S-methylated proteins or fragments produced by cleavage of the S-methylated proteins with Staphylococcus aureus proteinase. The two variants from crabs exposed to the high cadmium concentration differed only by a single residue of methionine at the N-terminus. The single variant isolated from crabs exposed to the low cadmium concentration was the one without the N-terminal methionine, indicating that high cadmium concentrations either inhibit the processing enzymes and/or that the processing enzymes cannot keep pace with the increased metallothionein synthesis when cadmium availability is high. Cadmium-induced metallothionein from C. maenas shows a high degree of structural similarity to metallothioneins from the decapod crustaceans Scylla serrata and Homarus americanus.
Abstract.
Author URL.
DEPLEDGE MH (1994). THE RATIONAL BASIS FOR THE USE OF BIOMARKERS AS ECOTOXICOLOGICAL TOOLS.
Author URL.
Depledge MH, Fossi MC (1994). The role of biomarkers in environmental assessment (2). Invertebrates.
Ecotoxicology,
3(3), 161-172.
Abstract:
The role of biomarkers in environmental assessment (2). Invertebrates
The potential use of biomarkers in ecological risk assessment is explored. The biomarker concept, initially developed to form a basis for studies at the individual/population level, is extended to include community and ecosystem level studies. A strategy is outlined in which biomarkers might be used to assess chemical exposure and the cumulative, adverse effects of toxicants on biota in situ. Protocols for identifying communities, species and populations most at risk are described. The role of biomarkers in the evaluation of the effectiveness of remedial action to alleviate pollution is discussed. It is proposed that, in addition to biomarker measurements on samples obtained from organisms at field sites, biomarker screening tests should be initiated in the laboratory with a range of new chemicals and organisms relevant to the field sites thought to be at risk. This will help to establish links between laboratory-based testing and adverse effects in situ. © 1994 Chapman & Hall.
Abstract.
1993
Weeks JM, Jensen FB, Depledge MH (1993). Acid-base status, haemolymph composition and tissue copper accumulation in the shore crab Carcinus maenas exposed to combined copper and salinity stress. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 97(1), 91-98.
DEPLEDGE MH (1993). ECOTOXICOLOGY - a SCIENCE OR a MANAGEMENT TOOL.
AMBIO,
22(1), 51-52.
Author URL.
Depledge MH, Forbes TL, Forbes VE (1993). Evaluation of cadmium, copper, zinc, and iron concentrations and tissue distributions in the benthic crab, Dorippe granulata (De Haan, 1841) from Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong.
Environ Pollut,
81(1), 15-19.
Abstract:
Evaluation of cadmium, copper, zinc, and iron concentrations and tissue distributions in the benthic crab, Dorippe granulata (De Haan, 1841) from Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong.
The distributions of copper, zinc, iron, and cadmium among the tissues of Dorippe granulata were determined. The highest copper concentrations were found in the haemolymph (c. 53 microg ml(-1)) while the highest iron concentrations occurred in the gills (c. 720 microg g(-1) dry weight) and the highest zinc concentrations in the exoskeleton (c. 200 microg g(-1) dry weight). By comparison, concentrations of the non-essential metal, cadmium, were low in all tissues (mean = 10 microg g(-1) dry weight). The highest value was recorded from the midgut gland of a female crab (18.5 microg Cd g(-1) dry weight). Concentrations of copper, zinc, and iron were positively correlated with tissue-hydration levels. Such a relationship was not found for cadmium. The findings are discussed with regard to trace-metal levels found in temperate and tropical brachyurans from clean and polluted localities.
Abstract.
Author URL.
Clausen PS, Bjerregaard P, Depledge MH (1993). Passive and active cadmium uptake in the isolated gills of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.).
Chemosphere,
26(12), 2209-2219.
Abstract:
Passive and active cadmium uptake in the isolated gills of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.)
Cadmium uptake was followed over time (0-30 min) in isolated gills from the shore crab Carcinus maenas, exposed to 1000 dpm 109Cd ml-1 seawater (15 ‰, 15°C). Effects of potassium cyanide on cadmium uptake were also investigated. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in cadmium uptake between gills from the left or right branchial chambers. Cadmium uptake was, however, significantly higher (ca. 20-30 %) in anterior gills (numbers 4-6) than in posterior gills (numbers 7-9). No significant difference in cadmium uptake was found among the three anterior gills nor among the three posterior gills. A significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) was found between 109Cd-uptake and incubation time (0-30 min). Potassium cyanide inhibited cadmium uptake into the gills, suggesting that there is an active transport component to the uptake process. The results are discussed with regard to earlier studies on uptake routes of cadmium and other trace metals in marine invertebrates. © 1993.
Abstract.
Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Depledge MH (1993). The influence of starvation and copper exposure on the composition of the dorsal carapace and distribution of trace metals in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.).
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C: Comparative,
106(2), 537-543.
Abstract:
The influence of starvation and copper exposure on the composition of the dorsal carapace and distribution of trace metals in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.)
1. The influence of starvation and copper exposure on the composition of the carapace of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas has been investigated. The effects of the concentrations of selected trace metals in the carapace and midgut gland have also been examined. 2. Differences in nutritional state did not affect the concentrations or relative proportions of the principle carapace components (calcium, chitin and protein), but starvation was associated with a reduction in carapace copper concentration. Copper concentration in the midgut gland increased in "starved" crabs, while midgut gland zinc and calcium concentrations remained unchanged. 3. Starvation in combination with copper exposure (0.5 mg Cu/1) resulted in alterations in both carapace composition and trace metal loads. Carapace calcium concentrations were reduced significantly following copper exposure irrespective of the nutritional state of the crabs. However, the reduction was more marked in "fed" crabs than in "starved" animals. 4. Copper-exposed crabs exhibited raised carapace copper concentrations while carapace zinc concentrations were depressed. Such changes were most pronounced in copper-exposed "starved" crabs. 5. Calcium concentrations in the midgut glands of "starved" copper-exposed animals were significantly elevated compared with those in either control or "fed", copper-exposed crabs. 6. The findings are discussed with regard to their ecotoxicological significance. © 1993.
Abstract.
1992
Forbes VE, Depledge MH (1992). Cadmium effects on the carbon and energy balance of mudsnails.
Marine Biology,
113(2), 263-269.
Abstract:
Cadmium effects on the carbon and energy balance of mudsnails
The present study examined the ability of shortterm physiological measurements to predict growth rates of a gastropod, Hydrobia ulvae, in response to pollutant exposure. Whereas growth rates of snails collected from Munkebo Harbor, Funen, Denmark in 1989 were substantially reduced by exposure to cadmium after ca. 3 wk, we could detect no change in total carbon balance measured in short-term radioisotope experiments. At 23‰ S, the reduction in percent growth after 3 wk was 186.4 for snails exposed to 100 μg Cdl-1 and 225.7 for snails exposed to 200 μg Cdl-1. At 13‰ S, the reduction in percent growth was 102.6 at 100 μg Cdl-1 and 106.4 at 200 μg Cdl-1. We found no effect of cadmium on sediment egestion rate over 18 d of exposure. Nor could we detect effects on carbon absorption efficiency or metabolic loss of absorbed carbon during the first 24 h following its ingestion. The fractional loss of 14C from uniformly-labeled snails showed a decrease in CO2 and an increase in dissolved carbon in snails exposed to 200 μg Cdl-1. Such changes in the partitioning of carbon loss from body stores suggest a partial shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolic pathways which could reconcile the seeming disparity between growth and carbon balance in response to cadmium exposure. © 1992 Springer-Verlag.
Abstract.
Depledge PMH (1992). Danish environmental research. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 24(7), 339-342.
Hansen JI, Mustafa T, Depledge M (1992). Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas - I. Effects on Na,K-ATPase activity, haemolymph electrolyte concentrations and tissue water contents.
Marine Biology,
114(2), 253-257.
Abstract:
Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas - I. Effects on Na,K-ATPase activity, haemolymph electrolyte concentrations and tissue water contents
This study was initiated to further elucidate mechanisms responsible for copper toxicity in the hyperregulating shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.). Crabs, collected in the Odense Fjord, Denmark between September 1989 and May 1990, were exposed to 10 ppm copper(II)chloride in 10 ppt salinity at 15°C for up to 1 wk prior to measuring gill Na,K-ATPase activity, haemolymph sodium and potassium concentrations and fr. wt/dry wt ratios. Copper exposure reduced haemolymph sodium concentration by 40% and gill Na,K-ATPase activity by 50 to 60% after 1 wk. Haemolymph potassium levels exhibited variable responses. It is concluded that inhibition of gill Na,K-ATPase activity was primarily responsible for reductions in haemolymph electrolyte levels but that this was possibly not the prineiple cause of morbidity and mortality. © 1992 Springer-Verlag.
Abstract.
Hansen JI, Mustafa T, Depledge M (1992). Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas - II. Effects on key metabolic enzymes, metabolites and energy charge potential.
Marine Biology,
114(2), 259-264.
Abstract:
Mechanisms of copper toxicity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas - II. Effects on key metabolic enzymes, metabolites and energy charge potential
The influence of copper(II)chloride on selected key enzymes and metabolites in intermediary metabolism and the energy charge potential of the hyperregulating shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.) were investigated. Crabs, collected in Odense Fjord, Denmark between September 1989 and May 1990, were exposed to 10 ppm copper(II)chloride, in 10 ppt salinity seawater at 15°C for up to 1 wk. Hexokinase activity was 77% lower in the posterior gills and 60% lower in the midgut gland than in control crabs. Phosphofructokinase activity was reduced in the midgut gland by 82% but was unaffected in the gills. Pyruvate kinase activity was undetectable in the gills of exposed crabs and reduced by 47% in the midgut gland. Citrate synthase activity was depressed by 30% in the posterior gills and unaffected in other tissues. Copper exposure had no apparent effect on tissue cytochrome c oxidase activity. Chela muscle was the only tissue in which copper exposure did not bring about reductions in the enzyme activities tested. As a result of 1 wk of copper exposure the average lactate level increased by 3.5-fold in haemolymph, 9.3-fold in posterior gills and 6.5-fold in midgut gland. The average glucose level was raised by a factor of 6 in the haemolymph, 3.4 in the posterior gills and 1.2 in the midgut gland. Energy charge potential was at a very high level (ca. 0.9) and was unaffected by copper exposure. © 1992 Springer-Verlag.
Abstract.
Forbes VE, Depledge MH (1992). Predicting population response to pollutants: the significance of sex.
Functional Ecology,
6(4), 376-381.
Abstract:
Predicting population response to pollutants: the significance of sex
Examines the potential consequences of sexual and asexual reproductive strategies that may influence how populations respond to pollutant exposure, addresses specific concerns related to the use of clonal organisms in ecotoxicological test systems, and suggests some directions for future study. -from Authors
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Weeks JM, Frias Martins A, Tristao Da Cunha R, Costa A (1992). The Azores Exploitation and pollution of the coastal ecosystem. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 24(9), 433-435.
CHAN HM, BJERREGAARD P, RAINBOW PS, DEPLEDGE MH (1992). UPTAKE OF ZINC AND CADMIUM BY 2 POPULATIONS OF SHORE CRABS CARCINUS-MAENAS AT DIFFERENT SALINITIES.
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES,
86(1), 91-97.
Author URL.
1991
Aagaard A, Andersen BB, Depledge MH (1991). Simultaneous monitoring of physiological and behavioural activity in marine organisms using non-invasive, computer-aided techniques.
Marine Ecology Progress Series,
73(2-3), 277-282.
Abstract:
Simultaneous monitoring of physiological and behavioural activity in marine organisms using non-invasive, computer-aided techniques
A computer-aided monitoring system is described which permits continuous long-term recording of cardiac and respiratory activity together with locomotor activity. Four macroinvertebrates can be studied simultaneously but with additional hardware (respirometry chambers, valves, oxygen electrodes and infra-red sensors), the system can readily be expanded for use with ≥20 organisms using a single computer. -from Authors
Abstract.
1990
Depledge MH, Andersen BB (1990). A computer-aided physiological monitoring system for continuous, long-term recording of cardiac activity in selected invertebrates.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology,
96(4), 473-477.
Abstract:
A computer-aided physiological monitoring system for continuous, long-term recording of cardiac activity in selected invertebrates
1. 1. A computer-aided physiological monitoring system (CAPMON) is described which permits long-term, continuous recording of cardiac activity in selected crustaceans and molluscs. 2. 2. Infra-red phototransducers used with the system are simple to attach and allow non-invasive measurement of physiological function, thereby minimising disturbance to the test organism. 3. 3. Applications of the CAPMON system in pollution studies and in clinical settings with Man, are discussed. © 1990.
Abstract.
Depledge MH, Rainbow PS (1990). Models of regulation and accumulation of trace metals in marine invertebrates.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C, Comparative,
97(1), 1-7.
Abstract:
Models of regulation and accumulation of trace metals in marine invertebrates
1. General principles governing trace metal uptake and accumulation in marine invertebrates are identified. 2. Key determinants of trace metal body concentrations are bioavailability from seawater and from food. However, the nature of the trace metal (essential vs non-essential, chemical properties, etc.) and the physiological state of the organism, strongly influence subsequent handling, distribution, tissue accumulation and excretion. 3. The roles of metal-binding proteins (metallothioneins, transferrin-like proteins, etc.) and haemolymph cellular elements in metal transport and storage are described. 4. Uptake of many trace metals from seawater generally conforms to Fick's Law of Diffusion, but is also influenced by non-specific binding to ligands in body fluids and cells, potential differences across body surfaces and, in some instances, by active transport processes involving ionic pumps and pinocytosis. 5. Potential mechanisms underlying regulation of whole organism and tissue metal loads are outlined and compared with accumulation strategies. The significance of trace metal levels is discussed with regard to the well-being of marine invertebrates and their use in biomonitoring studies of trace metal pollution. © 1990.
Abstract.
Depledge MH (1990). New approaches in ecotoxicology: can inter-individual physiological variability be used as a tool to investigate pollution effects?. AMBIO, 19(5), 251-252.
RAINBOW PS, PHILLIPS DJH, DEPLEDGE MH (1990). THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TRACE-METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN MARINE-INVERTEBRATES - a NEED FOR LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF ACCUMULATION STRATEGIES.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN,
21(7), 321-324.
Author URL.
1989
Depledge MH, Bjerregaard P (1989). Haemolymph protein composition and copper levels in decapod crustaceans.
Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen,
43(2), 207-223.
Abstract:
Haemolymph protein composition and copper levels in decapod crustaceans
Variations in haemolymph protein composition and concentration, in copper content and copper distribution in the tissue of decapod crustaceans are reviewed. Haemocyanin is the major haemolymph constituent (> 60%); the remaining proteins (in order of concentration) include coagulogen, apohaemocyanin, hormones and antisomes. Moulting, nutritional state, infection, hypoxia and salinity fluctuations are the major factors affecting the relative proportions and total quantities of the haemolymph proteins. With regard to haemocyanin, the changes in concentration during the moult cycle are principally associated with changes in haemolymph volume, rather than with changes in total haemocyanin content due to synthesis or catabolism. The role of the midgut gland in regulating haemolymph copper and haemocyanin concentration has been re-evaluated. More than 50% of the whole body copper load is stored in the haemolymph. In contrast, less than 3% of the copper load resides in the midgut gland. The latter has little potential for regulating haemolymph copper levels, at least in the short term (hours to a few days), though it may be involved in regulating haemocyanin levels over longer periods (weeks to months). The total copper content of the haemolymph remains within a narrow range, except during starvation when levels may decrease. Consequently, variations in the copper content of soft tissues, which constitute only 20% of decapod dry weight, do not significanlty alter whole body copper concentrations. Evidence that copper released following haemocyanin catabolism becomes bound to metallothionein for later use in the resynthesis of haemocyanin is reviewed and found to be inconclusive. The amount of copper that can be stored in this way is trivial compared with the amount of copper required to permit significant changes in haemolymph haemocyanin concentration. Average tissue copper requirements, calculated during the present study, are approx. 4 times higher than previous theoretical estimates. © 1989 Biologische Anstalt Helgoland.
Abstract.
Depledge MH (1989). Observations on the feeding behaviour of Gaetice depressus (Grapsidae: Varuninae) with special reference to suspension feeding.
Marine Biology,
100(2), 253-259.
Abstract:
Observations on the feeding behaviour of Gaetice depressus (Grapsidae: Varuninae) with special reference to suspension feeding
The feeding behaviour of the subtropical, intertidal crab Gaetice depressus (He Haan) has been investigated. This species was found to be an omnivorous scavenger capable of ingesting both animal and plant tissues which are passed to the mouth using the chelipeds. Furthermore, the mouth-parts themselves are modified and bear elongated setae, notably on the third maxillae. The net-like structures which the setae give rise to can be repeatedly flailed through the seawater in unison enabling the crabs to feed on suspended material. Beating frequency decreased with crab size but rose with increasing suspension concentration. Experiments demonstrated that suspension feeding can contribute significantly to nutrient uptake and direct observations confirmed that the crabs use this method in situ. The crabs are also able to use the setose appendages to sweep deposited material from the underlying substrate towards the mouth, presumably for nutritive purposes. The significance of these different feeding methods is discussed. © 1989 Springer-Verlag.
Abstract.
Depledge MH (1989). Re-evaluation of metabolic requirements for copper and zinc in decapod crustaceans.
Marine Environmental Research,
27(2), 115-126.
Abstract:
Re-evaluation of metabolic requirements for copper and zinc in decapod crustaceans
Previous estimates of metabolic requirements for copper and zinc in decapod crustaceans are inaccurate and do not address differences in the requirements of specific tissues. Re-calculation of the amounts of copper and zinc bound in enzymes and to haemocyanin yields values of 82·8 μg Cu g-1 and 67·9 μg Zn g-1, expressed with regard to the dry weight of the whole animal (including exoskeleton). Estimated mean soft tissue concentrations of copper and zinc (excluding the contribution from haemocyanin in the tissues), are 76·5-95 μg Cu g-1 dw and 50-208 μg Zn g-1 dw, respectively. These values exceed previous estimates of soft tissue enzymatic requirements by a factor of 2-3 for copper and 1·4-6 for zinc (depending on which tissue is being considered). Reptant and natant decapods exhibit different patterns of metal distribution among their tissues. In shrimps, the midgut gland contains 25% of the copper load but in crabs the proportion is < 10%. Generally, more than 40-50% of the body copper load is located in the haemolymph. Zinc is stored mainly in the haemolymph in crabs (40-60%) and to a lesser extent in the exoskeleton (3-26%). In shrimps, only 20-30% of the zinc resides in the haemolymph, while approximately 40% of the body load is stored in the exoskeleton. © 1989.
Abstract.
DEPLEDGE MH (1989). STUDIES ON COPPER AND IRON CONCENTRATIONS, DISTRIBUTIONS AND UPTAKE IN THE BRACHYURAN CARCINUS-MAENAS (L) FOLLOWING STARVATION.
OPHELIA,
30(3), 187-197.
Author URL.
Depledge M (1989). The rational basis for detection of the early effects of marine pollutants using physiological indicators. AMBIO, 18(5), 301-302.
1987
Depledge MH (1987). Enhanced copper toxicity resulting from environmental stress factor synergies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 87(1), 15-19.
1986
Depledge MH, Phillips DJH (1986). Circulation, respiration and fluid dynamics in the gastropod mollusc, Hemifusus tuba (Gmelin). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 95(1), 1-13.
Phillips DJH, Depledge MH (1986). Distribution of inorganic and total arsenic in tissues of the marine gastropod Hemifusus ternatanus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 34, 261-266.
Depledge MH (1986). Global implications of Chernobyl. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 17(7), 281-282.
1985
Phillips DJH, Depledge MH (1985). Metabolic pathways involving arsenic in marine organisms: a unifying hypothesis. Marine Environmental Research, 17(1), 1-12.
Depledge MH (1985). Peak inspiratory flow: measurement using a modified mini Wright peak flow meter. Thorax, 40(3), 205-206.
Depledge MH (1985). Respiration and lung function in the mouse, Mus musculus (with a note on mass exponents and respiratory variables). Respiration Physiology, 60(1), 83-94.
1984
Depledge MH (1984). Changes in cardiac activity, oxygen uptake and perfusion indices in Carcinus maenas (L.) exposed to crude oil and dispersant. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 78(2), 461-466.
Depledge MH (1984). Disruption of circulatory and respiratory activity in shore crabs (Carcinus maenas (L.)) exposed to heavy metal pollution. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 78(2), 445-459.
Depledge MH (1984). Photoplethysmography—a non-invasive technique for monitoring heart beat and ventilation rate in decapod crustaceans. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 77(2), 369-371.
Depledge MH (1984). The influence of aerial exposure on gas exchange and cardiac activity in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 79(3), 339-344.
1983
Barrett A, Depledge MH, Powles RL (1983). Interstitial pneumonitis following bone marrow transplantation after low dose rate total body irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, 9(7), 1029-1033.
Depledge MH, Barrett A, Powles RL (1983). Lung function after bone marrow grafting. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, 9(2), 145-151.
Paradinas FJ, Sloane JP, Depledge MH, Morgenstern GR, Monaghan P, Roberts JDB, Corrin B (1983). PULMONARY FAT EMBOLISATION AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION. The Lancet, 321(8326), 715-716.
1981
Depledge MH, Collis CH, Barrett A (1981). A technique for measuring carbon monoxide uptake in mice. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, 7(4), 485-489.
DEPLEDGE M, BARRETT A (1981). Aseptic techniques for lung function testing. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2, 369-372.
Depledge MH, Barrett A, Morgenstern G, Powles RL, Sloane JP, Waterson G (1981).
Late effects of total body irradiation in Man. Commission of the European Communities.
Abstract:
Late effects of total body irradiation in Man.
Abstract.
1978
Depledge MH (1978). Cardiac activity of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 60(1), 65-67.
Depledge MH (1978). Sublethal and synergistic effects of environmental factors and pollutants on the circulatory and respiratory physiology of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.).
